ReviewTherapeutic advances in ophthalmology
A comprehensive review of intravitreal immunosuppressants and biologicals used in ophthalmology.
Review in Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Noninfectious uveitis: Management with biologic agents.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Intravitreal Adalimumab in Retinitis Pigmentosa: A Prospective Pilot Study Assessing Ocular Safety and Feasibility.Cureus · 2026Article
- Novel advances in juvenile idiopathic arthritis associated uveitis.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Review
- Prospective Comparative Study of Topical Tacrolimus and Sirolimus for the Treatment of Pigmentary Keratitis in Pug Dogs.Veterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Biosimilars in Adult and Pediatric Noninfectious Uveitis.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Ophthalmic formulation of methotrexate: a strategy of using the self-assembled LacAC4A nanoparticles for non-invasive drug delivery to the ocular posterior segment.Drug delivery · 2025Article
- Incidence of diabetic retinopathy in anti-tnf treated rheumatic disease patients with type 2 diabetes.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2024Article
- Retinal transplant immunology and advancements.Stem cell reports · 2024Review
- Three Major Causes of Metabolic Retinal Degenerations and Three Ways to Avoid Them.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Research Progress of Bioinspired Nanostructured Systems for the Treatment of Ocular Disorders.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Review
- Case report: Intravitreal methotrexate in intraocular acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Systemic immunosuppressants and biologicals have been a valuable tool in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and malignancies. The safety profile of these drugs has been debatable, especially in localized systems, such as the eye. This has led to the search for fairly local approaches, such as intravitreal, subconjunctival, and topical route of administration. Immunosuppressants have been used as a second-line drug in patients intolerable to corticosteroids or those who develop multiple recurrences on weaning corticosteroids. Similarly, biologicals have also been used as the next line of therapy, when adequate control of inflammation could not be attained or immunosuppressants were contraindicated to patients. Intravitreal immunosuppressants, such as methotrexate and sirolimus, have been extensively studied in noninfectious posterior uveitis, whereas limited studies have established the efficacy of intravitreal biologicals, such as infliximab and adalimumab. Most of these drugs have shown good safety profile and tolerability in animal studies alone and have not been studied further in human subjects. However, most of the studies in literature are single-case reports or case series which limits the level of evidence. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, indications, efficacy, and side effects of different intravitreal immunosuppressants and biologicals that have been studied in literature.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.