ArticleCurrent psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)2022
Neurofeedback training: Decreases in Mu rhythm lead to improved motor performance in complex visuomotor skills.
Article in Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of EEG neurofeedback and training interventions on golf putting performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Pooled it
- The Effect of EEG Neurofeedback Training on Sport Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports · 2025Pooled it
- Mindfulness training modulates EEG oscillations and improves shooting accuracy in competitive stress.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Comparison of internal vs. external vs. holistic attentional focus in golf putting performance among children: the role of skill level.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- Temporal dynamics of alpha-band cortico-cortical coherence during motor preparation for successful and unsuccessful football penalty kicks.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Review
- EEG-Based Neurofeedback in Athletes and Non-Athletes: A Scoping Review of Outcomes and Methodologies.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Acute Effects of Portable Dry-EEG Neurofeedback on Classical Chinese Learning: A Three-Arm Repeated-Measures Study.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Amateurs exhibit greater psychomotor efficiency than novices: evidence from EEG during a visuomotor task.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Neurofeedback Training Protocols in Sports: A Systematic Review of Recent Advances in Performance, Anxiety, and Emotional Regulation.Brain sciences · 2024Review
- Improving Mental Skills in Precision Sports by Using Neurofeedback Training: A Narrative Review.Sports (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Effects of self-efficacy on frontal midline theta power and golf putting performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2024Article
- Neurofeedback training and motor learning: the enhanced sensorimotor rhythm protocol is better or the suppressed alpha or the suppressed mu?BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2023Article
- Motor-Related Mu/Beta Rhythm in Older Adults: A Comprehensive Review.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- A new EEG neurofeedback training approach in sports: the effects function-specific instruction of Mu rhythm and visuomotor skill performance.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The physiological function of the Mu rhythm (8-13 Hz in the central region) is still unclear, particularly its role in visuomotor performance in sports (shooting vs. golf putting), as both the complexity of the motor skills (i.e., simple vs. complex visuomotor skills) and the skill level (e.g., novices vs. experts or low-skilled vs. highly skilled) may modulate Mu rhythm. To gain a broader understanding of the association between Mu rhythm and visuomotor skill performance, a study design that considers both a control moderator (the difference in skill level) and the ability to manipulate Mu rhythm (i.e., either increase or decrease Mu rhythm) is required. To achieve this, we recruited 30 novice golfers who were randomly assigned to either the increased Mu rhythm group (IMG), decreased Mu rhythm group (DMG), or sham group (SG) and used electroencephalographic-neurofeedback training (EEG-NFT) to manipulate Mu rhythm during a golf putting task (complex visuomotor skill). The aim was to determine whether the complexity of the motor skill was a potential moderator of Mu rhythm. We mainly found that Mu power was significantly decreased in the DMG following EEG-NFT, which lead to increased motor control and improved performance. We suggest that (1) the complexity of the motor skill, rather than the difference in skill level, may be a potential moderator of Mu rhythm and visuomotor performance, as our results were not consistent with a previous study that reported that increased Mu rhythm improved shooting performance (a simple visuomotor task) in novices.
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