ReviewThe oncologist2022
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in the Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases.
Review in The oncologist, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intrathecal immune checkpoint inhibitors as adjunctive therapy for leptomeningeal disease: A case series and systematic review.Neurosurgical review · 2026Pooled it
- Characterization, immune cell phenotyping and differential gene expression analysis of brain metastases and primary breast cancer samples.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Triple Negative Breast Cancer With Choroidal Metastasis Responsive to Sacituzumab Govitecan and Radiation Therapy.Cancer reports (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Modulating the pace: systemic targeted therapy, brain metastasis velocity, and outcomes after Gamma Knife radiosurgery in breast cancer brain metastases.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2025Article
- CCL2 blockade combined with PD-1/P-selectin immunomodulators impedes breast cancer brain metastasis.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2025Article
- Real‑world evaluation of the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.Oncology letters · 2025Article
- Review
- Editorial: Advances of brain metastasis in breast cancer.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Article
- Immunotherapeutic and Targeted Strategies for Managing Brain Metastases from Common Cancer Origins: A State-of-the-Art Review.Current oncology reports · 2024Review
- Enhanced treatment of breast cancer brain metastases with oncolytic virus expressing anti-CD47 antibody and temozolomide.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2024Article
- Lymphopenia associated with whole-brain radiotherapy and its effects on clinical outcomes of patients with brain metastases.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Epigenetic remodeling to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in human glioblastoma: pre-clinical evidence for development of new immunotherapy approaches.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Article
- A comprehensive neuroimaging review of the primary and metastatic brain tumors treated with immunotherapy: current status, and the application of advanced imaging approaches and artificial intelligence.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Available Systemic Treatments and Emerging Therapies for Breast Cancer Brain Metastases.Current treatment options in oncology · 2023Review
- The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with intracranial metastatic disease.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The management of breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) has historically involved local therapies. However, as novel systemic treatments have become more effective in controlling visceral disease, BCBM have also been better controlled. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have demonstrated efficacy in brain metastases in patients with lung cancer and melanoma and represent a promising option for patients with triple-negative BCBM, a group with limited systemic therapy options. In this review we summarize current data about the role of ICIs in the treatment BCBM. We identified 15 clinical trials that evaluated ICIs ± chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The studies were mostly focused on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Of these trials, 4 excluded patients with BCBM, while 11 allowed patients with stable, treated or asymptomatic BCBM. In total, 2692 patients were enrolled in the identified clinical trials, but only 91 trial patients (3.3%) had BCBM. Furthermore, only 2 of these clinical trials reported BCBM-specific outcomes and none of the clinical trials reported BCBM-specific adverse events. Up to 45% of patients with TNBC will develop BCBM; however, only 3.3% of the patients included in the clinical trials that led to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approvals for ICIs in advanced breast cancer had brain metastases. This review reinforces that efficacy data are greatly needed for patients with BCBM-this is an area of unmet need in oncology. More inclusive clinical trials and real-world data that evaluate the safety and efficacy of ICIs in patients with BCBM are greatly needed.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.