ReviewInternational immunopharmacology2022
BCG Vaccination: A potential tool against COVID-19 and COVID-19-like Black Swan incidents.
Review in International immunopharmacology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Article
- The interplay of tuberculosis and COVID-19: Insights into global health challenges.Journal of biosciences · 2025Review
- BCG vaccination: historical role, modern applications, and future perspectives in tuberculosis and beyond.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Review
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Hampers COVID-19: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study in High-Burden Endemic Areas of Iran.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2024Article
- Triple Burden: The Incorrigible Threat of Tuberculosis, HIV, and COVID-19.Infectious disorders drug targets · 2024Review
- The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tuberculosis Features in a Romanian Pneumology Hospital.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2024Article
- COVID-19: A novel holistic systems biology approach to predict its molecular mechanisms (in vitro) and repurpose drugs.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2023Article
- Exploring BCG vaccination as a novel approach to prevent recurrent herpes labialis.EClinicalMedicine · 2023Article
- Excluding Participants With Mycobacteria Infections From Clinical Trials: A Critical Consideration in Evaluating the Efficacy of BCG Against COVID-19.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Review
- Article
- A Summary on Tuberculosis Vaccine Development-Where to Go?Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Article
- Research progress on specific and non-specific immune effects of BCG and the possibility of BCG protection against COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Editorial: Research advances of tuberculosis vaccine and its implication on COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- The retrospective study of the metabolic patterns of BCG-vaccination in type-2 diabetic individuals in COVID-19 infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- Two issues should be noted when designing a clinical trial to evaluate BCG effects on COVID-19.Frontiers in immunology · 2023Article
- DNA and mRNA Vaccines for Chronic Viral Infections and Cancer: Rationale, Mechanisms, and Progress.Cancers · 2022Review
- Article
- The Natural Effect of BCG Vaccination on COVID-19: The Debate Continues.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and its variants have brought unprecedented impacts to the global public health system, politics, economy, and other fields. Although more than ten COVID-19 specific vaccines have been approved for emergency use, COVID-19 prevention and control still face many challenges. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the only authorized vaccine used to fight against tuberculosis (TB), it has been hypothesized that BCG may prevent and control COVID-19 based on BCG-induced nonspecific immune responses. Herein, we summarized: 1) The nonspecific protection effects of BCG, such as prophylactic protection effects of BCG on nonmycobacterial infections, immunotherapy effects of BCG vaccine, and enhancement effect of BCG vaccine on unrelated vaccines; 2) Recent evidence of BCG's efficacy against SARS-COV-2 infection from ecological studies, analytical analyses, clinical trials, and animal studies; 3) Three possible mechanisms of BCG vaccine and their effects on COVID-19 control including heterologous immunity, trained immunity, and anti-inflammatory effect. We hope that this review will encourage more scientists to investigate further BCG induced non-specific immune responses and explore their mechanisms, which could be a potential tool for addressing the COVID-19 pandemic and COVID-19-like "Black Swan" events to reduce the impacts of infectious disease outbreaks on public health, politics, and economy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.