ArticleChild development2022
Flexibility in valenced reinforcement learning computations across development.
Article in Child development, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Early Life Stress Affects Human Decision Making by Increasing Expectations of Volatility.Developmental science · 2026Article
- Learning to adaptively cooperate through social interactions during childhood and adolescence.NPJ science of learning · 2026Article
- Interpersonal brain synchronization at frontopolar cortices underlies better advice-taking in groups.Social cognitive and affective neuroscience · 2026Article
- Asymmetric learning and adaptability to changes in relational structure during transitive inference.Communications psychology · 2025Article
- Navigating a varying reward environment in childhood and adolescence.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Stochastic decisions support optimal foraging of volatile environments, and are disrupted by anxiety.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2025Article
- Reinforcement learning increasingly relates to memory specificity from childhood to adulthood.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Social Contexts Requiring Adjudication Self- and Peer-Interest Differentially Alter Risk Preferences Across Adolescence.Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science · 2025Article
- Probing the content of affective semantic memory following caregiving-related early adversity.Developmental science · 2024Article
- Revisiting adolescence as a sensitive period for sociocultural processing.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Sensitivity to the Instrumental Value of Choice Increases Across Development.Psychological science · 2024Article
- Artificial neural networks for model identification and parameter estimation in computational cognitive models.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Artificial neural networks for model identification and parameter estimation in computational cognitive models.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Expecting the unexpected: a review of learning under uncertainty across development.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2023Review
- Confirmatory reinforcement learning changes with age during adolescence.Developmental science · 2023Article
- Computational Mechanisms of Addiction and Anxiety: A Developmental Perspective.Biological psychiatry · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Optimal integration of positive and negative outcomes during learning varies depending on an environment's reward statistics. The present study investigated the extent to which children, adolescents, and adults (N = 142 8-25 year-olds, 55% female, 42% White, 31% Asian, 17% mixed race, and 8% Black; data collected in 2021) adapt their weighting of better-than-expected and worse-than-expected outcomes when learning from reinforcement. Participants made choices across two contexts: one in which weighting positive outcomes more heavily than negative outcomes led to better performance, and one in which the reverse was true. Reinforcement learning modeling revealed that across age, participants shifted their valence biases in accordance with environmental structure. Exploratory analyses revealed strengthening of context-dependent flexibility with increasing age.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.