ArticleJournal of neurology2022
Long-term evolution and prognostic factors of epilepsy in limbic encephalitis with LGI1 antibodies.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Movement disorders in cell surface antibody mediated autoimmune encephalitis: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Pooled it
- Seizure outcome-related factors in autoimmune encephalitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in neurology · 2022Pooled it
- The Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis: Current, Future Therapies, Unmet Need and Patient Management.Advances in therapy · 2026Review
- Predicting epilepsy after new onset refractory status epilepticus due to autoimmune encephalitis: The DAME score.Epilepsia · 2026Article
- Characteristics of and risk factors for epilepsy after autoimmune and infectious encephalitis.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Predictors of etiology and drug resistance in children with new-onset focal seizures.Epilepsia open · 2026Article
- Risk of Epilepsy and Factors Associated With Time to Seizure Remission in Anti-LGI1 Encephalitis: Long-Term Outcome in 236 Patients.Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2025Observational
- Autoimmune encephalitis-associated epilepsy.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2025Review
- Neurodegeneration and the immune system: lessons from autoimmune encephalitis.Journal of neurology · 2025Review
- Clinical Characteristics and Seizure Outcomes in Antibody-Positive Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Article
- LGI1 encephalitis: potentially complement-activating anti-LGI1-IgG subclasses 1/2/3 are associated with the development of hippocampal sclerosis.Journal of neurology · 2024Article
- Prognostic factors underlying the development of drug-resistant epilepsy in patients with autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of neurology · 2024Observational
- Risk of Seizure Recurrence Due to Autoimmune Encephalitis With NMDAR, LGI1, CASPR2, and GABANeurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2024Article
- Heterogeneity of clinical features, EEG and brain imaging findings in anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective case series study and review of the literature.Acta epileptologica · 2023Article
- Neural Surface Antibodies and Neurodegeneration: Clinical Commonalities and Pathophysiological Relationships.Biomedicines · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo characterize the evolution of epilepsy in patients with leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 antibody-associated (LGI1ab) limbic encephalitis, including factors associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).
methodsRetrospective analysis of patients with LGI1 encephalitis managed at two tertiary epilepsy centers between 2005 and 2019 and whose samples were confirmed by the French Reference Center of Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes. Raw clinical, biological, EEG, and MRI data were reviewed. Two endpoints were defined: (i) Epilepsy remission: patients seizure free and in whom anti-seizure medications (ASM) have been stopped for at least 1 year at the last follow-up visit (ii) DRE: patients with persistent seizures at the last follow-up despite at least two ASM used at efficacious daily dose.
results39 patients with LGI1 encephalitis were included with a median follow-up duration of 42 months (range 13-169). All of them reported seizures at the acute phase, with faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) in 23 (59%) and other focal seizures in 38 (97%), including 4 patients (10%) with de novo status epilepticus. At the last follow-up visit, 11 patients (28%) achieved epilepsy remission. Among the 28 patients with persistent epilepsy, eight (29%) fulfilled criteria of DRE. The only factor significantly associated with epilepsy remission was the time from clinical onset of the encephalitis to initiation of the first immunomodulatory treatment, with longer delay in patients with persistent epilepsy (7.5 ± 8.9 vs 2.4 ± 1.7 months, p = 0.006). Evolution to DRE was only driven by MRI evolution. Eight of the 15 patients (53%) who developed hippocampal atrophy (p = 0.007) also suffered from drug-resistant seizures at the last follow-up. SIGNIFICANCE: In patients with LGI1 encephalitis, rapid initiation of immunomodulatory treatment favors long-term epilepsy remission. Evolution to DRE might primarily reflect the anatomical lesion of limbic structures. Determining what modalities of immune treatment may alter these outcomes requires prospective studies with long-term follow-up.
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