ReviewNPJ digital medicine2022
Building digital twins of the human immune system: toward a roadmap.
Review in NPJ digital medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 80 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Digital Twins and Health Care: an Umbrella Review.Journal of medical systems · 2025Pooled it
- Review
- Causal graph neural networks for healthcare.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Synthesizing Mechanistic Hypotheses from Single-Cell Omics via Discretized Feature Attribution and Empirical Language Model Grounding.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Preclinical and Virtual Models of Mucosal Melanoma: Bridging Translational Gaps in a Rare and Lethal Cancer.Pigment cell & melanoma research · 2026Review
- Translational barriers to digital twins in radiation oncology.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- Digital twins to accelerate target identification and drug development for immune-mediated disorders.FEBS open bio · 2026Review
- The architecture of computational antiviralism: a multi-scale framework from molecular targeting to viral ecosystem engineering.Molecular diversity · 2026Review
- The Potential of Digital Twins for Pediatric Rare Diseases.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2026Review
- From FAIR to CURE: guidelines for computational models of biological systems.NPJ systems biology and applications · 2026Review
- Multimodal foundation models in colorectal cancer: from prediction to trustworthy clinical insight.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2026Review
- Transforming nephrology through artificial intelligence: a state-of-the-art roadmap for clinical integration.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Review
- Prediction of neutrophil nadir and recovery following paediatric haematopoietic cell transplantation with busulfan conditioning.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence for improving decision-making in bacterial infection management: a narrative review.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Review
- Systems biology in the era of AI: "winter" or "evolution"?Frontiers in systems biology · 2026Article
- Construction of patient trajectories to model clinical trial outcomes: application to myasthenia gravis.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- From digital twins to clinically trustworthy twins: a clinical-claim-based validation framework for personalized digital health.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Integrating dynamic modeling of signaling pathways with subject-specific transcriptomic data to assess breast cancer risk.PloS one · 2026Article
- Toward Digital Twins for Optimal Radioembolization.PET clinics · 2026Review
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Digital twins, customized simulation models pioneered in industry, are beginning to be deployed in medicine and healthcare, with some major successes, for instance in cardiovascular diagnostics and in insulin pump control. Personalized computational models are also assisting in applications ranging from drug development to treatment optimization. More advanced medical digital twins will be essential to making precision medicine a reality. Because the immune system plays an important role in such a wide range of diseases and health conditions, from fighting pathogens to autoimmune disorders, digital twins of the immune system will have an especially high impact. However, their development presents major challenges, stemming from the inherent complexity of the immune system and the difficulty of measuring many aspects of a patient's immune state in vivo. This perspective outlines a roadmap for meeting these challenges and building a prototype of an immune digital twin. It is structured as a four-stage process that proceeds from a specification of a concrete use case to model constructions, personalization, and continued improvement.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.