ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2023
Shining a Light on a Hidden Population: Social Functioning and Mental Health in Women Reporting Autistic Traits But Lacking Diagnosis.
Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 43 citations in OpenAlex.
- Who, when, where, and why: A systematic review of "late diagnosis" in autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Pooled it
- Diagnostic Agreement of a Structured Telehealth Adult Autism Assessment.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Gender-Based Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence From an Indian Clinical Cohort.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Health experiences and outcomes of autistic and non-autistic adults with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and hypermobility spectrum disorder.BMC medicine · 2026Article
- A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Adult Females with Late Diagnosis of ASD and ADHD in the UK.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Gender differences in autism prevalence: origins of bias and its current scientific relevance.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Streamlining Adult Autism Diagnosis: High-yield DSM-5-TR Predictors and Sex-Based Considerations.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- "What does 'often' even mean?" Revising and validating the Comprehensive Autistic Trait Inventory in partnership with autistic people.Molecular autism · 2025Article
- The experiences of autistic adults who were previously diagnosed with borderline or emotionally unstable personality disorder: A phenomenological study.Autism : the international journal of research and practice · 2025Article
- The association between autism, camouflaging and anxiety with suicidal ideation in women.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Disrupted functional connectome in a rodent model of autism during social isolation.Frontiers in neural circuits · 2025Article
- "It Was Like the Final Piece in the Puzzle for Me": A Qualitative Study on the Experiences of Autistic Women Initially Diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder.Autism in adulthood · 2024Article
- Borderline Personality as a Factor in Late, Missed, and Mis-Diagnosis in Autistic Girls and Women: A Conceptual Analysis.Autism in adulthood · 2024Article
- Maternal Autistic Traits and Adverse Birth Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- A Sense of Belonging and Help Seeking: Examining Factors Related to the Mental Health of High School Students with High Autistic Traits without Diagnosis.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Gender bias in autism screening: measurement invariance of different model frameworks of the Autism Spectrum Quotient.BJPsych open · 2023Article
- The physical and psychiatric health conditions related to autism genetic scores, across genetic ancestries, sexes and age-groups in electronic health records.Journal of neurodevelopmental disorders · 2023Article
- Recent Developments in Autism Genetic Research: A Scientometric Review from 2018 to 2022.Genes · 2022Review
- On Being Autistic and in Mental Health Crisis Care.Autism in adulthood · 2022Article
- Roadblocks and detours on pathways to a clinical diagnosis of autism for girls and women: A qualitative secondary analysis.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Female Phenotype Theory (FPT) suggests that autistic women often present with less obvious social impairments than autistic men. We examined the possibility of an exaggerated female phenotype among undiagnosed but probably autistic women. In two nationwide online surveys, we compared self-reported social functioning and mental health between diagnosed autistic women and women without diagnosis who scored ≥ 32 on the Autism Quotient. Compared to diagnosed autistic women, probably autistic women had higher empathy and general social functioning, and were more likely to have received a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. Autistic women had typically received more mental health diagnoses prior to their ASC diagnosis than autistic men. These findings shed light on the history of misdiagnosis experienced by many autistic women.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.