SynthesisPediatrics2022
School Start Times, Sleep, and Youth Outcomes: A Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Pediatrics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Delayed school start times to improve sleep duration and mitigate depression in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Sleep Well, Study Well: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies on the Interplay between Sleep and School Experience in Adolescence.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Social epidemiology of multidimensional sleep health in early adolescence.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Emerging evidence reinforces and expands the case for later school start times.Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine · 2026Article
- School start times and racial disparities in early adolescent sleep.Sleep health · 2026Article
- Is early-morning class exposure associated with lower positive mental health among university students? Conditional associations and heterogeneous profiles.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Neighborhood disadvantage and adolescent sleep health: a longitudinal population-based study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Reciprocal relationship among perceived sleep quality, smartphone overdependence, and depression in Korean adolescents: a cross-lagged analysis using national big data.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Immigrant Status, Socioeconomic Status, and Sleep Disparities in Early Adolescence: Findings From the National Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2025Article
- Risk Factors and Complications of Childhood Obesity and Overweight in an Urban Setting of a Lower Middle-Income Country.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Observational
- Examining the impact of early life adversity on adolescent sleep health: Findings from the ABCD study.Child protection and practice · 2025Article
- Afternoon to early evening bright light exposure reduces later melatonin production in adolescents.Npj biological timing and sleep · 2025Article
- Sleep difficulties as a consistent risk factor for medically treated injuries among adolescents in 46 countries.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Associations Between Sleep Patterns, Circadian Preference, and Anxiety and Depression: A Two-Year Prospective Study Among Norwegian Adolescents.Clocks & sleep · 2025Article
- Adolescents' screen time displaces multiple sleep pathways and elevates depressive symptoms over twelve months.PLOS global public health · 2025Article
- Instructional approach, sleep, and perceived academic well-being in adolescents during COVID-19: Evidence from the NESTED study.Sleep health · 2024Article
- Sleep behavioral outcomes of school-based interventions for promoting sleep health in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years: a systematic review.Sleep advances : a journal of the Sleep Research Society · 2024Review
- Machine learning data sources in pediatric sleep research: assessing racial/ethnic differences in electronic health record-based clinical notes prior to model training.Frontiers in sleep · 2024Article
- Turn off that night light! Light-at-night as a stressor for adolescents.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo review and meta-analyze existing evidence regarding the impact of school start times (SSTs) on youth sleep and developmental outcomes considering the moderating effects of youth and school characteristics. Scopus, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Pubmed, PsychInfo, ERIC, Proquest, EBSCO, and Google Scholar were used through 2019 to select studies measuring (1) school start time and (2) sleep or other developmental outcomes. Data from 28 studies and 1 774 509 participants were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models with robust variance estimation.
resultsLater SSTs were associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. Specifically, new SSTs between 8:30 and 8:59 were associated with better outcomes than 8:00 to 8:29 start times. Later SSTs were more strongly associated with lower levels of sleepiness for high school (versus middle school) youth, and youth in private (versus public) schools reported better sleep and later wake times with later SSTs. Although this meta-analysis suggests an overall benefit of later SSTs, there was limited research to test outcomes such as sleep hygiene, naps, and behavioral and physical health outcomes.
conclusionsThere is converging evidence that later SSTs are associated with better overall developmental outcomes, longer sleep duration, and less negative mood. More research needs to consider student and school characteristics to obtain reliable estimates related to possible differences by sex, race, school size, percent free/reduced lunch, and percent minority.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.