ArticleAntiviral therapy2022
Acquired HIV drug resistance among adults living with HIV receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy in Rwanda: A cross-sectional nationally representative survey.
Article in Antiviral therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Second-line antiretroviral therapy success rates and predictors among people living with HIV in Rwanda, 2019-2023.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Prevalence and factors associated with drug resistance mutations among HIV - 1 patients failing to achieve virological suppression on second line treatment in Tanzania.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Nationwide patterns of HIV drug resistance and high viral load in Sub-Saharan African countries.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2026Article
- Factors Associated With Viral Load Suppression Among Adolescents and Young Adults Living With HIV on ART in Rwanda: Data From Rwanda HIV Case-Based Surveillance, 2019-2025.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- HIV-1 Resistance to Dolutegravir in Benin: The Need to Improve and Strengthen Therapeutic Patient Education Strategies to Achieve the Third Objective 95 of UNAIDS 95-95-95 Target.Case reports in infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Pre-treatment and acquired HIV drug resistance in Hunan: a cross-sectional analysis of a growing challenge.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Article
- Association between differentiated HIV care delivery model and low-level viremia among people living with HIV in Rwanda.AIDS research and therapy · 2024Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors of HIV Drug Resistance in Zimbabwe: Evidence from Zimbabwe Population-Based HIV Impact Assessment (ZIMPHIA) 2020 Survey.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Clinical Outcomes After Viremia Among People Receiving Dolutegravir vs Efavirenz-Based First-line Antiretroviral Therapy in South Africa.Open forum infectious diseases · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe assessed the prevalence of acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and associated factors among patients receiving first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Rwanda.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 702 patients receiving first-line ART for at least 6 months with last viral load (VL) results ≥1000 copies/mL. Blood plasma samples were subjected to VL testing; specimens with unsuppressed VL were genotyped to identify HIVDR-associated mutations. Data were analysed using STATA/SE.
resultsMedian time on ART was 86.4 months (interquartile range [IQR], 44.8-130.2 months), and median CD4 count at ART initiation was 311 cells/mm
conclusionThe prevalence of acquired HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) was high among patient failing to re-suppress VL and was associated with current ART regimen and ever switching ART regimen. The findings of this study support the current WHO guidelines recommending that patients on an NNRTI-based regimen should be switched based on a single viral load test and suggests that national HIV VL monitoring of patients receiving ART has prevented long-term treatment failure that would result in the accumulation of TAMs and potential loss of efficacy of all NRTI used in second-line ART as the backbone in combination with either dolutegravir or boosted PIs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.