Primary hyperoxaluria type 1: urologic and therapeutic management.

While the surgical approaches available in primary hyperoxaluria (PH) are common to all patients requiring intervention for urolithiasis, the indications for treatment and their corresponding toxicities are unique. Being a rare disease, we are guided by case series. This review summarizes the available literature highlighting the important disease-specific considerations. Shockwave lithotripsy (SWL) is of particular interest. It is generally the first-line treatment for stones in children, but here the stones produced will be relatively resistant to fragmentation. In addition, there are concerning reports in children of sudden unilateral decline in function in the treated kidney as measured by nuclear renography. Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy might intuitively seem favorable given the shortest drain duration and the ability to treat larger stones efficiently but, similar to SWL, rapid chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression has been seen postoperatively. Ureteroscopy is therefore generally the safest option, but considerations regarding stent encrustation, the growth of residual fragments and the large volume of stone often faced may limit this approach. The surgeon must balance the above with consideration of the patient's CKD status when considering a plan of monitoring and treating stones in PH.