Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35590169›Full record

Observational studyMed (New York, N.Y.)2021

Naturalization of the microbiota developmental trajectory of Cesarean-born neonates after vaginal seeding.

Se Jin Song, Jincheng Wang, Cameron Martino, Lingjing Jiang, Wesley K Thompson, Liat Shenhav, Daniel McDonald, Clarisse Marotz, Paul R Harris, Caroll D Hernandez and 17 more

2 registry-linked trialsAbstract readObservational Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Observational study in Med (New York, N.Y.), 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
59citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT03298334 phase1 / phase2recruitingnot on this map

Vaginal Microbiome Seeding and Health Outcomes in Cesarean-delivered Neonates: a Randomized Controlled Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)Ran2018 to 2029Enrolled600ConditionsCesarean Delivery Affecting Newborn, Obesity, Childhood, Intestinal Microbiome, MicrobiotaArmsVaginal Seeding, No Vaginal Seeding
NCT06282952 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Section-Born Infants and SUccessful Health Outcomes After Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (SISU-FMT)

TypeinterventionalSponsorOulu University HospitalRan2026 to 2036Enrolled460ConditionsFecal Microbiota Transplantation, Cesarean Section, Overweight and ObesityArmsDonor-derived fecal microbiota transplantation
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  15. Comprehensive analysis ofGut microbes · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

27 authors.

Se Jin SongDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Jincheng WangDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
Cameron MartinoDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Lingjing JiangDivision of Biostatistics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA.
Wesley K ThompsonDivision of Biostatistics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA.
Liat ShenhavDepartment of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Daniel McDonaldDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Clarisse MarotzDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Paul R HarrisDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Caroll D HernandezDepartment of Infectious Diseases and Pediatric Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Nora HendersonDepartments of Medicine and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Elizabeth AckleyYale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Deanna NardellaChildren's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Charles GillihanDepartments of Medicine and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Valentina MontacutiDepartments of Medicine and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
William SchweizerDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Melanie JayDepartments of Medicine and Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
Joan CombellickYale University School of Nursing, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
Haipeng SunDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
Izaskun Garcia-MantranaDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain.
Fernando Gil RagaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Manises Hospital, 46940 Manises, Spain.
Maria Carmen ColladoDepartment of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-Spanish National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Spain.
Juana I Rivera-ViñasDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA.
Maribel Campos-RiveraCenter for Community Outreach for Health Across the Lifespan, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA.
Jean F Ruiz-CalderonMedical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA.
Rob KnightDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA.
Maria Gloria Dominguez-BelloDepartment of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Humans and the Microbiome Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada. Electronic address: mg.dominguez-bello@rutgers.edu.

Funding

San Diego Digestive Diseases Research CenterP30DK120515 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI ROHIT LOOMBA · 2019 to 2026
$10.8M
Mapping host-microbe-metabolite interactions in 3D to find diet-derived enhancers of immunityDP1AT010885 · NCCIH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI KNIGHT, ROB · 2019 to 2023
$5.5M
NCCIH NIH HHS DP1 AT010885NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK120515
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEarly microbiota perturbations are associated with disorders that involve immunological underpinnings. Cesarean section (CS)-born babies show altered microbiota development in relation to babies born vaginally. Here we present the first statistically powered longitudinal study to determine the effect of restoring exposure to maternal vaginal fluids after CS birth.

methodsUsing 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we followed the microbial trajectories of multiple body sites in 177 babies over the first year of life; 98 were born vaginally, and 79 were born by CS, of whom 30 were swabbed with a maternal vaginal gauze right after birth.

findingsCompositional tensor factorization analysis confirmed that microbiota trajectories of exposed CS-born babies aligned more closely with that of vaginally born babies. Interestingly, the majority of amplicon sequence variants from maternal vaginal microbiomes on the day of birth were shared with other maternal sites, in contrast to non-pregnant women from the Human Microbiome Project (HMP) study.

conclusionsThe results of this observational study prompt urgent randomized clinical trials to test whether microbial restoration reduces the increased disease risk associated with CS birth and the underlying mechanisms. It also provides evidence of the pluripotential nature of maternal vaginal fluids to provide pioneer bacterial colonizers for the newborn body sites. This is the first study showing long-term naturalization of the microbiota of CS-born infants by restoring microbial exposure at birth.

fundingC&D, Emch Fund, CIFAR, Chilean CONICYT and SOCHIPE, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Emerald Foundation, NIH, National Institute of Justice, Janssen.

Indexed as

Cesarean SectionMicrobiotaCitizenshipFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornLongitudinal StudiesPregnancyRNA, Ribosomal, 16SRNA, Ribosomal, 16STranslation to humans

Identifiers

PMID35590169
PMCPMC9123283

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.