Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35588691›Full record

ReviewCurrent opinion in immunology2022

Epigenetic adjuvants: durable reprogramming of the innate immune system with adjuvants.

Audrey Lee, Florian Wimmers, Bali Pulendran

Open access · greenAbstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Current opinion in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
23citing papers in PubMed
3.2field-weighted citation impact, top 7% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

23 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Epigenetic Reprogramming byAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Maladaptive trained immunity in viral infections.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025
    Review
  9. Review
  10. Review
  11. Review
  12. Nanovaccines empowering CD8Theranostics · 2025
    Review
  13. Precision adjuvants for pediatric vaccines.Science translational medicine · 2024
    Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Audrey LeeInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Florian WimmersInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
Bali PulendranInstitute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Electronic address: bpulend@stanford.edu.
Stanford University · US

Funding

VACCINE INDUCED IMMUNITY IN THE YOUNG AND AGEDU19AI057266 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI Rafi Ahmed · 2003 to 2026
$81.7M
Systems Biological Analysis of Innate and Adaptive Responses to VaccinationU19AI090023 · NIAID · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI AHMED, RAFI, LI, SHUZHAO · 2010 to 2021
$45.0M
Systems biological assessment of T cell responses to vaccinationU19AI167903 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI BALI PULENDRAN · 2022 to 2026
$13.2M
MICROBES, DENDRITIC CELL SUBSETS AND T-CELL IMMUNITYR01AI048638 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PULENDRAN, BALI · 2001 to 2024
$4.5M
Understanding the Role of Mucosal Antigen Presenting Cells in Regulating Immune ResponseR37AI048638 · NIAID · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PULENDRAN, BALI · 2009 to 2018
$4.0M
Polarizing T Cell Responses in vivo With Dendritic CellsR37DK057665 · NIDDK · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI PULENDRAN, BALI · 2010 to 2019
$3.9M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI048638NIAID NIH HHS R37 AI048638NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI057266NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI090023NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI167903NIDDK NIH HHS R37 DK057665
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Development of effective vaccines is a critical global health priority. Stimulating antigen-specific B and T cells to elicit long-lasting protection remains the central paradigm of vaccinology. Adjuvants are components that enhance vaccine immunogenicity by targeting specific innate immune receptors and pathways. Recent data highlight the capacity of adjuvants to induce durable epigenetic reprogramming of the innate immune system to engender heightened resistance against pathogens. This raises the prospect of developing epigenetic adjuvants that, in addition to stimulating robust T and B cell responses, convey broad protection against diverse pathogens by training the innate immune system. In this review, we discuss our emerging understanding of the various vaccines and adjuvants and their effects on durable reprogramming of the innate immune response, their putative mechanisms of action, and the promise and challenges of developing epigenetic adjuvants as a universal vaccine strategy.

Indexed as

Adjuvants, ImmunologicVaccinesEpigenesis, GeneticHumansImmune SystemImmunity, InnateAdjuvants, ImmunologicVaccines

Identifiers

PMID35588691
PMCPMC9924100
OpenAlexW4280504184

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.