ArticleeLife2022
SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff impacts innate NK cell functions, but antibody-dependent NK activity is strongly activated through non-spike antibodies.
Article in eLife, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 47 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
47 citing papers in PubMed, 77 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Building better antibody responses: The interplay of infection, vaccination, and immune imprinting.PNAS nexus · 2026Review
- An autoimmunity-associated allele ofProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Nucleocapsid protein enhances spike- and RBD-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- The Unexpected Visibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reveals a Hidden Route of Surface Trafficking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Fc Functions and Anti-HIV Neutralizing Antibodies: A Perspective.Current HIV research · 2026Article
- Evaluating Fc-mediated antibody functions against SARS-CoV-2 in PLHIV: reduced FcγRIIIa-dependent activity and ADCC despite preserved neutralising antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Non-neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein mediate variant transcendent antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- COVID-19 infection and cancer regression: a review of current evidence, potential mechanisms, and clinical perspectives on a Paradoxical phenomenon.Infectious agents and cancer · 2025Review
- An Autoimmunity-associated allele ofbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Protective Potential and Functional Role of Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein.Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Identification of soluble biomarkers that associate with distinct manifestations of long COVID.Nature immunology · 2025Article
- Chemokines simultaneously bind SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein RNA-binding and dimerization domains.Virology journal · 2025Article
- From natural defenders to therapeutic warriors: NK cells in HIV immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- Vaccination and COVID-19: impact on long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Detrimental Effects of Anti-Nucleocapsid Antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Reinfection, and the Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Heterologous mRNA/MVA delivering trimeric-RBD as effective vaccination regimen against SARS-CoV-2: COVARNA Consortium.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- Article
- Sequence Matters: Primary COVID-19 Vaccination after Infection Elicits Similar Anti-spike Antibody Levels, but Stronger Antibody Dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity than Breakthrough Infection.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2024Article
- Delineating the functional activity of antibodies with cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1 and related sarbecoviruses.PLoS pathogens · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The outcome of infection is dependent on the ability of viruses to manipulate the infected cell to evade immunity, and the ability of the immune response to overcome this evasion. Understanding this process is key to understanding pathogenesis, genetic risk factors, and both natural and vaccine-induced immunity. SARS-CoV-2 antagonises the innate interferon response, but whether it manipulates innate cellular immunity is unclear. An unbiased proteomic analysis determined how cell surface protein expression is altered on SARS-CoV-2-infected lung epithelial cells, showing downregulation of activating NK ligands B7-H6, MICA, ULBP2, and Nectin1, with minimal effects on MHC-I. This occurred at the level of protein synthesis, could be mediated by Nsp1 and Nsp14, and correlated with a reduction in NK cell activation. This identifies a novel mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 host-shutoff antagonises innate immunity. Later in the disease process, strong antibody-dependent NK cell activation (ADNKA) developed. These responses were sustained for at least 6 months in most patients, and led to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Depletion of spike-specific antibodies confirmed their dominant role in neutralisation, but these antibodies played only a minor role in ADNKA compared to antibodies to other proteins, including ORF3a, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid. In contrast, ADNKA induced following vaccination was focussed solely on spike, was weaker than ADNKA following natural infection, and was not boosted by the second dose. These insights have important implications for understanding disease progression, vaccine efficacy, and vaccine design.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.