ArticleAWWA water science2022
A holistic approach to lead pipe scale analysis: Importance, methodology, and limitations.
Article in AWWA water science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Calcium Phosphate Precipitation as an Unintended Consequence of Phosphate Dosing to High-pH Water.Environmental engineering science · 2024Article
- The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System-Comparison with Other Pipe Materials.Polymers · 2023Review
- Spherulitic Lead Calcium Apatite Minerals in Lead Water Pipes Exposed to Phosphate-Dosed Tap Water.Environmental science & technology · 2023Article
- A literature review of bench top and pilot lead corrosion assessment studies.AWWA water science · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
With lead service lines (LSLs) remaining for decades to come, scale analyses are critical to helping limit lead exposure from drinking water. This laboratory has used an integrated suite of analytical techniques to characterize the elemental composition, mineral identification, and physical features of scales, helping the water industry to evaluate, predict, and reduce lead corrosion. The methods used in this laboratory to prepare and analyze the LSL scale, and guidance to achieving reliable and meaningful results, are described. Primary methods include the following: optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, combustion and coulometric analyses of C and S, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Examples of associated pitfalls and ways to avoid them are provided, including pipe excavation/transport, sample preparation, analysis, and data interpretation. Illustrative examples are presented of practical scale analysis questions that could be answered by combinations of pipe scale analyses.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.