ArticleIBRO neuroscience reports2022
Early mobilization in spinal cord injury promotes changes in microglial dynamics and recovery of motor function.
Article in IBRO neuroscience reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of early mobilisation (< 14 days) on pathophysiological and functional outcomes in animals with induced spinal cord injury: a systematic review with meta-analysis.BMC neuroscience · 2024Pooled it
- A pH-responsive and self-healing CEC/PEG-(CHO)Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- The Soleus H-Reflex as a Biomarker of Post-Injury Spasticity in Spinal Cord Injury: A Conceptual Pilot Study.NeuroRehabilitation · 2025Article
- Effect of rehabilitation timing on the functional, vocational, and psychological outcomes in patients with paraplegia secondary to traumatic spinal cord injury: a retrospective cohort study.Asian spine journal · 2025Article
- Early functional proprioceptive stimulation in high spinal cord injury: a pilot study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2025Article
- A research protocol to study the critical time window for rehabilitation after incomplete spinal cord injury: early vs. late locomotor training.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Critical Care of Spinal Cord Injury.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2024Review
- Downregulation of High mobility group box 2 relieves spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation.Experimental animals · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the acute phase of spinal cord injury, the initial injury triggers secondary damage due to neuroinflammation, leading to the formation of cavities and glial scars that impair nerve regeneration. Following injuries to the central nervous system, early mobilization promotes the recovery of physical function. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of early mobilization on motor function recovery and neuroinflammation in rats. Early mobilization of rats with complete spinal cord transection resulted in good recovery of hindlimb motor function after 3 weeks. At 1 week after spinal cord injury, the early-mobilized rats expressed fewer inflammatory M1 microglia/macrophages and more anti-inflammatory M2 microglia. In addition, significantly more matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)-positive cells were observed at the lesion site 1 week after injury in the early-mobilized rats. Multiple labeling studies suggested that many MMP2-positive cells were M2 microglia. MMP9-positive cells that highly co-expressed GFAP were also observed more frequently in the early-mobilized rats. The density of growth-associated protein-positive structures in the lesion center was significantly higher in the early-mobilized rats at 3 weeks after spinal cord injury. The present results suggest that early mobilization after spinal cord injury reduced the production of M1 microglia/macrophages while increasing the production of M2 microglia at the lesion site. Early mobilization might also activate the expression of MMP2 in M2 microglia and MMP9 in astrocytes. These cellular dynamics might suppress neuroinflammation at the lesion site, thereby inhibiting the progression of tissue destruction and promoting nerve regeneration to recover motor function.
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