ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Mechanisms of Kwashiorkor-Associated Immune Suppression: Insights From Human, Mouse, and Pig Studies.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immunomodulatory Effects of Juzentaihoto on Fas-Mediated Apoptosis: Insights from Cancer Patients and In Vitro Models.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Braden score at ICU admission predicts 30-day mortality in acute pancreatitis.Biomolecules & biomedicine · 2025Article
- Potential Causal Relationships Between Circulating Micronutrient Levels and Multiple Neuroimmune Diseases: A Genetic Association Analysis.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
- Getting back on track to meet global anaemia reduction targets: a Lancet Haematology Commission.The Lancet. Haematology · 2025Review
- Identification of optimal biomarkers associated with distant metastasis in breast cancer using Boruta and Lasso machine learning algorithms.BMC cancer · 2025Article
- Periodontal Status and Herpesiviridae, Bacteria, and Fungi in Gingivitis and Periodontitis of Systemically Compromised Pediatric Subjects: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Early-life undernutrition, immune dysregulation, and cancer incidence in later life: a national life-course analysis from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Preoperative malnutrition predicts poor early immune recovery following gynecologic cancer surgery: a retrospective cohort study and risk nomogram development.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Dietary Modulation of the Immune System.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Malnutrition stratified by marasmus and kwashiorkor in adult patients with heart failure.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of acute malnutrition among under-5 children attending a rural hospital in the Democratic Republic of Congo: a cross-sectional study.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- Dermatological changes in a prospective cohort of acutely ill, hospitalised Malawian children, stratified according to nutritional status.BMJ paediatrics open · 2024Article
- Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index predicts bleeding event in patients with heart failure.ESC heart failure · 2024Article
- Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review.Current nutrition reports · 2024Review
- A perfect storm in a pandemic-a child with complex medical history and special diet encounters COVID.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024Article
- Macrophages and the Extracellular Matrix.Results and problems in cell differentiation · 2024Review
- Review
- Rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease combined with pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in a patient with single anti-TIF-1γ antibody positive dermatomyositis in the context of an underlying tumor.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2023Article
- Impact of childhood malnutrition and intestinal microbiota on MDR infections.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2023Review
- Relationships between Diabetes and the Intestinal Microbial Population.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Malnutrition refers to inadequate energy and/or nutrient intake. Malnutrition exhibits a bidirectional relationship with infections whereby malnutrition increases risk of infections that further aggravates malnutrition. Severe malnutrition (SM) is the main cause of secondary immune deficiency and mortality among children in developing countries. SM can manifest as marasmus (non-edematous), observed most often (68.6% of all malnutrition cases), kwashiorkor (edematous), detected in 23.8% of cases, and marasmic kwashiorkor, identified in ~7.6% of SM cases. Marasmus and kwashiorkor occur due to calorie-energy and protein-calorie deficiency (PCD), respectively. Kwashiorkor and marasmic kwashiorkor present with reduced protein levels, protein catabolism rates, and altered levels of micronutrients leading to uncontrolled oxidative stress, exhaustion of anaerobic commensals, and proliferation of pathobionts. Due to these alterations, kwashiorkor children present with profoundly impaired immune function, compromised intestinal barrier, and secondary micronutrient deficiencies. Kwashiorkor-induced alterations contribute to growth stunting and reduced efficacy of oral vaccines. SM is treated with antibiotics and ready-to-use therapeutic foods with variable efficacy. Kwashiorkor has been extensively investigated in gnotobiotic (Gn) mice and piglet models to understand its multiple immediate and long-term effects on children health. Due to numerous physiological and immunological similarities between pigs and humans, pig represents a highly relevant model to study kwashiorkor pathophysiology and immunology. Here we summarize the impact of kwashiorkor on children's health, immunity, and gut functions and review the relevant findings from human and animal studies. We also discuss the reciprocal interactions between PCD and rotavirus-a highly prevalent enteric childhood pathogen due to which pathogenesis and immunity are affected by childhood SM.
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