ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2022
Engineered Cas9 extracellular vesicles as a novel gene editing tool.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 110 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exosome Biogenesis: Meta-Analysis of Intraluminal Vesicle Size Across Species.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Pooled it
- Extracellular vesicles: powerful candidates in nano-drug delivery systems.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Pooled it
- Robust loading and delivery of functional small RNAsBioactive materials · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles-mediated delivery of SpCas9 RNPs for therapeutic gene editing in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3.Biomaterials · 2026Article
- Bacterial extracellular membrane vesicles as multifunctional defense systems: Roles in immune evasion, phage interactions, and antimicrobial resistance.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicle-based delivery systems for nucleic acid therapeutics.Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Engineering challenges and translational opportunities in emerging gene delivery platforms.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Review
- Engineered small extracellular vesicles as bioactive materials: Integrating engineering strategies for cargo loading and targeted delivery systems.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Cholesteryl esters and high protein-to-lipid ratios distinguish non-vesicular extracellular particles from extracellular vesicles.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Effective delivery of genome editor to cervical cancer targeting Mcl1 for cancer therapy.Cancer gene therapy · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicle engineering using a small scaffold protein.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Nature Inspired Delivery Vehicles for CRISPR-Based Genome Editing.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Autoimmune Diseases: From Diagnostic Biomarkers to Engineered Therapeutics.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- Article
- Bioengineering of extracellular vesicles with scaffold proteins for drug delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Review
- Engineered MSC-exosomes as CRISPR-Cas9 delivery vectors for precision immunotherapy.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Review
- Biomimetic Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration: Construction Strategies and Therapeutic Mechanisms.International journal of nanomedicine · 2026Review
- Engineering Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Diseases.Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2026Review
- Emerging Nanomedicine Strategies for Sepsis: Immunomodulation and Beyond.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Article
- Advanced cell-derived drug delivery systems for pulmonary diseases: from bench to bedside.Drug delivery · 2025Review
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 4 institutions in 10 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown promise as biological delivery vehicles, but therapeutic applications require efficient cargo loading. Here, we developed new methods for CRISPR/Cas9 loading into EVs through reversible heterodimerization of Cas9-fusions with EV sorting partners. Cas9-loaded EVs were collected from engineered Expi293F cells using standard methodology, characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy and analysed for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated functional gene editing in a Cre-reporter cellular assay. Light-induced dimerization using Cryptochrome 2 combined with CD9 or a Myristoylation-Palmitoylation-Palmitoylation lipid modification resulted in efficient loading with approximately 25 Cas9 molecules per EV and high functional delivery with 51% gene editing of the Cre reporter cassette in HEK293 and 25% in HepG2 cells, respectively. This approach was also effective for targeting knock-down of the therapeutically relevant PCSK9 gene with 6% indel efficiency in HEK293. Cas9 transfer was detergent-sensitive and associated with the EV fractions after size exclusion chromatography, indicative of EV-mediated transfer. Considering the advantages of EVs over other delivery vectors we envision that this study will prove useful for a range of therapeutic applications, including CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.