ArticleBMC cancer2022
Pioglitazone and breast cancer risk in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort analysis.
Article in BMC cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Safety of Alopecia Treatments in Patients with Breast Cancer and High-Risk Women: A Review.American journal of clinical dermatology · 2025Review
- Anti-Diabetic Therapies and Cancer: From Bench to Bedside.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- The association between acute myocardial infarction and subsequent diagnosis of breast cancer: a nationwide, population-based cohort study.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Rosiglitazone has a null association with the risk of prostate cancer in type 2 diabetes patients.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhether pioglitazone may affect breast cancer risk in female diabetes patients is not conclusive and has not been investigated in the Asian populations.
methodsThe reimbursement database of Taiwan's National Health Insurance was used to enroll an unmatched cohort and a propensity score-matched cohort of ever users and never users of pioglitazone in female patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes during 1999-2008. The patients were alive on January 1, 2009 and were followed up for breast cancer incidence until December 31, 2011. Cox regression was used to estimate hazard ratios for ever users and tertiles of cumulative duration of pioglitazone therapy versus never users, and for cumulative duration of pioglitazone therapy treated as a continuous variable. Three models were created for the unmatched cohort and the matched cohort, respectively: 1) without adjustment for covariates; 2) after adjustment for covariates that differed with statistical significance (P-value < 0.05) between ever users and never users; and 3) after adjustment for all covariates.
resultsThere were 174,233 never users and 6926 ever users in the unmatched cohort; and 6926 never users and 6926 ever users in the matched cohort. After a median follow-up of 2.8 years, the numbers of incident breast cancer were 1044 in never users and 35 in ever users in the unmatched cohort and were 41 and 35, respectively, in the matched cohort. Hazard ratios suggested a null association between pioglitazone and breast cancer in all three models in either the unmatched cohort or the matched cohort. The overall hazard ratio after adjustment for all covariates was 0.758 (95% confidence interval: 0.539-1.065) in the unmatched cohort and was 0.824 (95% confidence interval: 0.524-1.296) in the matched cohort. None of the hazard ratios for the tertiles of cumulative duration of pioglitazone therapy and for the cumulative duration being treated as a continuous variable were statistically significant.
conclusionsThis study suggests a null association between pioglitazone and breast cancer risk in female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, because of the small breast cancer cases and the limited follow-up time, further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.