ReviewInfectious diseases and therapy2022
Meningococcal Disease and Immunization Activities in Hajj and Umrah Pilgrimage: a review.
Review in Infectious diseases and therapy, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Neisseria Meningitidis Carriage Among Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.European journal of medical research · 2025Pooled it
- Immune persistence and booster response of a quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MenACYW-TT) 5 years after primary vaccination of adults at ≥56 years of age.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Prevalence and Associated Factor of Meningococcal Carriers of Indonesian Umrah Pilgrims.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Management and clinical outcomes of meningococcal disease in pediatric and adolescent patients in Makkah, Saudi Arabia: A retrospective bicenter study.IJID regions · 2026Article
- Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in 181 Hajj and Umrah Pilgrims in Türkiye: Pre- and Post-Travel Prevalence and Serogroup Distribution n.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Observational
- Monitoring Cross-Border Dissemination of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) via Air Travel to Saudi Arabia: Formulation of Monitoring Strategies to Mitigate AMR Concerns.Environmental science & technology · 2026Article
- From ticket to protection: The potential of embedding travel-clinic prompts in Qatar's airline booking systems.Qatar medical journal · 2026Review
- The Return of MenW: Religious Mass Gatherings as Global Catalysts for Meningococcal Spread.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2025Article
- Meningococcal Sepsis in Close Family Contact of Umrah Pilgrim to Mecca Despite Pre-Travel Meningococcal Vaccination.Indian journal of pediatrics · 2025Article
- Increase in serogroup W invasive meningococcal disease in England associated with pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia, January 2024 to June 2025.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Risk of Meningococcal Disease or Carriage During Mass Gatherings and Associated Travel: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Review
- Challenging case of bacterial meningitis due toQatar medical journal · 2025Article
- Cases of Meningococcal Disease Associated with Travel to Saudi Arabia for Umrah Pilgrimage - United States, United Kingdom, and France, 2024.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2024Article
- Article
- Meningococcal disease within the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Review
- Meningococcal B Immunisation in Adults and Potential Broader Immunisation Strategies: A Narrative Review.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2023Review
- Nasopharyngeal Meningococcal Carriage among Older Adults in Türkiye (MeninGOLD Study).Microorganisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) outbreaks associated with Hajj and Umrah pilgrimage events in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) are well recognized. Past outbreaks have been associated with substantial intercontinental spread of specific Neisseria meningitidis serogroups. The emergence of meningococcal serogroup W (MenW) was a global concern following the 2000/2001 Hajj outbreaks. Broader compulsory meningococcal serogroups A, C, W and Y (MenACWY) immunization strategies for pilgrims were introduced in response to these events and led to substantial declines in IMD cases associated with these mass gatherings. However, there remains potential for future outbreaks either within KSA during the Hajj or in local populations via pilgrim meningococcal transmission on their return. While the annual Hajj involves pilgrims from over 185 countries, two-thirds of these arrive from 13 countries, chiefly from across South-East Asia, the Middle East and North African (MENA) regions; for which we review the relevant epidemiology of IMD and meningococcal carriage. While disease surveillance is limited and data are often lacking, MenB is an important serogroup associated with IMD and carriage in a number of countries. Available literature suggests that most pilgrims receive polysaccharide MenACWY vaccines (which do not impact carriage and onward transmission) and incomplete compliance with visa/entry immunization regulations is reported. Existing preventative approaches for visiting pilgrims require continued oversight. More complete compliance and switching to the conjugated MenACWY vaccine can provide more robust and broader protection for pilgrims. Additional immunization options could also be considered.
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