Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35582949›Full record

ArticleAustralian veterinary journal2022

A cross-sectional survey of risk factors for the presence of Coxiella burnetii in Australian commercial dairy goat farms.

K W Hou, A K Wiethoelter, M A Stevenson, R J Soares Magalhaes, L Lignereux, C Caraguel, J Stenos, G Vincent, J W Aleri, S M Firestone

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Australian veterinary journal, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. High Seropositivity toAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Longitudinal surveillance ofFrontiers in veterinary science · 2024
    Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

K W HouMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
A K WiethoelterMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
M A StevensonMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
R J Soares MagalhaesUQ Spatial Epidemiology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia.
L LignereuxSchool of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
C CaraguelSchool of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Roseworthy Campus, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, 5371, Australia.
J StenosAustralian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
G VincentAustralian Rickettsial Reference Laboratory, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
J W AleriSchool of Veterinary Medicine, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4498-2152
S M FirestoneMelbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-1419

Funding

AgriFutures AustraliaAustralian Government Department of Agriculture, Water and the EnvironmentMelbourne Research ScholarshipRural Research and Development for Profit program RnD4Profit-15-02-008
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The largest Australian farm-based outbreak of Q fever originated from a dairy goat herd. We surveyed commercial dairy goat farms across Australia by testing bulk tank milk (BTM) samples using a commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and two quantitative polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Of the 66 commercial dairy goat herds on record, managers from 61 herds were contacted and 49 provided BTM samples. Five of the surveyed herds were positive on at least one of the diagnostic tests, thus herd-level apparent prevalence was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4 to 22). True prevalence was estimated to be 3% (95% credible interval: 0 to 18). Herd managers completed a questionnaire on herd management, biosecurity and hygiene practices and risk factors were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Herds with >900 milking does (the upper quartile) were more likely to be Coxiella burnetii positive (odds ratio = 6.75; 95% CI 1.65 to 27.7) compared with farms with ≤900 milking does. The odds of BTM positivity increased by a factor of 2.53 (95% CI 1.51 to 4.22) for each order of magnitude increase in the number of goats per acre. C. burnetii was not detected in samples from the majority of the Australian dairy goat herds suggesting there is an opportunity to protect the industry and contain this disease with strengthened biosecurity practices. Intensification appeared associated with an increased risk of positivity. Further investigation is required to discriminate the practices associated with an increased risk of introduction to disease-free herds, from practices associated with maintenance of C. burnetii infection in infected dairy goat herds.

Indexed as

Cattle DiseasesCoxiella burnetiiGoat DiseasesAnimalsAustraliaCattleCross-Sectional StudiesDairyingEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayFarmsGoatsMilkPrevalenceRisk FactorsAustraliaCoxiella burnetiidairy goatprevalencerisk factor

Identifiers

PMID35582949
PMCPMC9543512

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.