Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35582344›Full record

ArticleIEEE sensors journal2021

FluNet: An AI-Enabled Influenza-Like Warning System.

Ryan J Ward, Fred Paul Mark Jjunju, Isa Kabenge, Rhoda Wanyenze, Elias J Griffith, Noble Banadda, Stephen Taylor, Alan Marshall

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in IEEE sensors journal, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. A Review on Face Mask Recognition.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Review
  3. Article
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Ryan J WardDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZX U.K.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9850-5191
Fred Paul Mark JjunjuDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZX U.K.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6257-434X
Isa KabengeDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems EngineeringMakerere University Kampala Uganda.
Rhoda WanyenzeSchool of Public HealthMakerere University Kampala Uganda.
Elias J GriffithDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZX U.K.
Noble BanaddaDepartment of Agricultural and Biosystems EngineeringMakerere University Kampala Uganda.
Stephen TaylorDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZX U.K.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2144-8459
Alan MarshallDepartment of Electrical Engineering and ElectronicsUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZX U.K.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8058-5242

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Influenza is an acute viral respiratory disease that is currently causing severe financial and resource strains worldwide. With the COVID-19 pandemic exceeding 153 million cases worldwide, there is a need for a low-cost and contactless surveillance system to detect symptomatic individuals. The objective of this study was to develop FluNet, a novel, proof-of-concept, low-cost and contactless device for the detection of high-risk individuals. The system conducts face detection in the LWIR with a precision rating of 0.98, a recall of 0.91, an F-score of 0.96, and a mean intersection over union of 0.74 while sequentially taking the temperature trend of faces with a thermal accuracy of ± 1 K. In parallel, determining if someone is coughing by using a custom lightweight deep convolutional neural network with a precision rating of 0.95, a recall of 0.92, an F-score of 0.94 and an AUC of 0.98. We concluded this study by testing the accuracy of the direction of arrival estimation for the cough detection revealing an error of ± 4.78°. If a subject is symptomatic, a photo is taken with a specified region of interest using a visible light camera. Two datasets have been constructed, one for face detection in the LWIR consisting of 250 images of 20 participants' faces at various rotations and coverings, including face masks. The other for the real-time detection of coughs comprised of 40,482 cough / not cough sounds. These findings could be helpful for future low-cost edge computing applications for influenza-like monitoring.

Indexed as

Cough detectionCOVIDCOVID-19face detectionmachine learningSARS

Identifiers

PMID35582344
PMCPMC8864938

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.