ArticlePreventive medicine reports2022
Income inequality and the disease burden of COVID-19: Survival analysis of data from 74 countries.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Gini coefficient, GDP per capita and COVID-19 mortality: a systematic review of ecologic studies.BMC public health · 2025Pooled it
- Innovative public strategies in response to COVID-19: A review of practices from China.Health care science · 2024Review
- Exploring sustainable livelihood options for COVID-impacted rural communities in Bangladesh.Heliyon · 2024Article
- Epidemiology and risk factors for adult gliomas died by respiratory diseases during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study.Neurosurgical review · 2024Article
- Income inequality and pandemics: insights from HIV/AIDS and COVID-19-a multicountry observational study.BMJ global health · 2023Observational
- Global Inequities in COVID-19 Vaccination: Associated Factors and Tools to Measure Inequality.Vaccines · 2023Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on economy, air pollution and income: evidence from China.Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment : research journal · 2023Article
- Individual and neighborhood risk factors of hospital admission and death during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cohort study.BMC medicine · 2023Article
- Determinants of differences in RT-PCR testing rates among Southeast Asian countries during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
- Differences in mortality in Switzerland by citizenship during the first and second COVID-19 waves: Analysis of death statistics.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a rare opportunity to assess national performance in responding to a historic crisis. It is not well understood how income inequality might be related to differential disease burden of COVID-19 across countries. Using recent data merged from Our World in Data 2020, the World Bank, and the Global Burden of Disease, we examined the association between income inequality (the Gini index) and COVID-19 infection and death rates among 74 countries with available data. After adjusting for differences in population size, age structure, longevity, population density, GDP per capita, health care expenditures, educational attainment, direct democracy index, stringency of implemented measures, and testing intensity for COVID-19, results from Cox Proportional Hazards regressions revealed that countries with more unequal income distribution carried a higher burden of COVID-19 infections and deaths in 2020. On average, each percentage point increase in the Gini index was associated with an 9% increase in the hazard of having a higher COVID-19 infection rate in the sample (AOR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.01, 1.18). The corresponding associated increase in the hazard of having a higher COVID-19 death rate was 14% (AOR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.06, 1.23). Countries with severe and persistent income inequality should develop national strategies to address this challenge to be better prepared for future pandemics.
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