ArticleBMC infectious diseases2022
HIV-1 drug resistance genotyping success rates and correlates of Dried-blood spots and plasma specimen genotyping failure in a resource-limited setting.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- High frequency of HIV-1 drug resistance among individuals with persistent low-level viremia during first-line antiretroviral therapy in Uganda.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- VANTAGE: van-based real-time HIV sequencing for transmission mapping and drug resistance profiling in war-affected Ukraine.AIDS (London, England) · 2026Article
- HIV-1 genetic diversity and pretreatment drug resistance survey prior to dolutegravir introduction in Senegal.IJID regions · 2025Article
- HIV-1 drug resistance among people living with HIV receiving dolutegravir-based anti-retroviral regimens in Uganda: a national laboratory-based survey using remnant viral load samples, 2022.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2025Article
- The utility of integrating nanopore sequencing into routine HIV-1 drug resistance surveillance.Microbial genomics · 2025Review
- Barriers to effective sample management in viral load testing in Machakos County, Kenya: a convergent parallel mixed-method study.The Pan African medical journal · 2025Article
- HIV-1 pretreatment and acquired antiretroviral drug resistance before tenofovir/ /lamivudine /dolutegravir (TLD) roll-out in Mozambique.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Assessment of the performance of the plasma separation card for HIV-1 viral load monitoring in South Africa.Journal of clinical microbiology · 2024Article
- The plasma separation card as a novel solution for enhancing central laboratory capability for HIV-1 viral load monitoring in limited-access settings.PLOS global public health · 2023Article
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10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHIV-1 drug resistance genotyping is critical to the monitoring of antiretroviral treatment. Data on HIV-1 genotyping success rates of different laboratory specimen types from multiple sources is still scarce.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, we determined the laboratory genotyping success rates (GSR) and assessed the correlates of genotyping failure of 6837 unpaired dried blood spot (DBS) and plasma specimens. Specimens from multiple studies in a resource-constrained setting were analysed in our laboratory between 2016 and 2019.
resultsWe noted an overall GSR of 65.7% and specific overall GSR for DBS and plasma of 49.8% and 85.9% respectively. The correlates of genotyping failure were viral load (VL) < 10,000 copies/mL (aOR 0.3 95% CI: 0.24-0.38; p < 0.0001), lack of viral load testing prior to genotyping (OR 0.85 95% CI: 0.77-0.94; p = 0.002), use of DBS specimens (aOR 0.10 95% CI: 0.08-0.14; p < 0.0001) and specimens from routine clinical diagnosis (aOR 1.4 95% CI: 1.10-1.75; p = 0.005).
conclusionsWe report rapidly decreasing HIV-1 genotyping success rates between 2016 and 2019 with increased use of DBS specimens for genotyping and note decreasing median viral loads over the years. We recommend improvement in DBS handling, pre-genotyping viral load testing to screen samples to enhance genotyping success and the development of more sensitive assays with well-designed primers to genotype specimens with low or undetectable viral load, especially in this era where virological suppression rates are rising due to increased antiretroviral therapy roll-out.
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