Observational studyBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2022
Long term impact of prophylactic antibiotic use before incision versus after cord clamping on children born by caesarean section: longitudinal study of UK electronic health records.
Observational study in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05759351 (Appendectomy During Pregnancy in General Anesthesia With Perioperative Management Does Not Influence Normal Child Development), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Appendectomy During Pregnancy in General Anesthesia With Perioperative Management Does Not Influence Normal Child Development: 10-year Study
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prenatal maternal antibiotic use increases the risk of childhood eczema: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Antibiotic prophylaxis for childbirth-related perineal trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Patient and Public Involvement in Pharmacoepidemiological Research: An Environmental Scan of an Emerging Area.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2025Pooled it
- Risk of infection and wound dehiscence after use of prophylactic antibiotics in episiotomy or second degree tear (REPAIR study): single centre, double blind, placebo controlled randomised trial.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Trial
- Characteristics, all-cause healthcare resource utilisation, and costs among high-risk adults with long COVID during Omicron predominance, 2022-2023: a retrospective cohort study using UK primary care data.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Timing of Intrapartum Antibiotics at Caesarean Section and Risk of Asthma, Eczema and Allergic Rhinitis: Results From a Natural Experiment.BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology · 2026Article
- State of the art: Intrapartum antibiotics in cesarean section, the infant microbiota and allergic diseases.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the impact on child health up to age 5 years of a policy to use antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section before incision compared with after cord clamping.
designObservational controlled interrupted time series study.
settingUK primary and secondary care.
participants515 945 children born in 2006-18 with linked maternal records and registered with general practices contributing to two UK primary care databases (The Health Improvement Network and Clinical Practice Research Datalink), and 7 147 884 children with linked maternal records in the Hospital Episode Statistics database covering England, of which 3 945 351 were linked to hospitals that reported the year of policy change to administer prophylactic antibiotics for caesarean section before incision rather than after cord clamping.
interventionFetal exposure to antibiotics shortly before birth (using pre-incision antibiotic policy as proxy) compared with no exposure.
main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were incidence rate ratios of asthma and eczema in children born by caesarean section when pre-incision prophylactic antibiotics were recommended compared with those born when antibiotics were administered post-cord clamping, adjusted for temporal changes in the incidence rates in children born vaginally.
resultsProphylactic antibiotics administered before incision for caesarean section compared with after cord clamping were not associated with a significantly higher risk of asthma (incidence rate ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.78 to 1.05) or eczema (0.98, 0.94 to 1.03), including asthma and eczema resulting in hospital admission (1.05, 0.99 to 1.11 and 0.96, 0.71 to 1.29, respectively), up to age 5 years.
conclusionsThis study found no evidence of an association between pre-incision prophylactic antibiotic use and risk of asthma and eczema in early childhood in children born by caesarean section.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.