ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Balance of osmotic pressures determines the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic volume ratio of the cell.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.
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Who cites it
38 citing papers in PubMed.
- The responsive nucleus: morphological signatures of cellular state.Nucleus (Austin, Tex.) · 2026Review
- Chromosome condensation mechanically primes the nucleus for mitosis.The EMBO journal · 2026Article
- Nuclear size and physical properties of the nucleoplasm are determined by colloid osmotic pressure at the nuclear envelope.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Getting nuclear size just right - emerging mechanisms regulating nuclear scaling and morphology.Journal of cell science · 2026Review
- Single-Objective Lattice Light Sheet Microscopy with Microfluidics for Single-Molecule Super-Resolution Imaging of Mammalian Cells.ACS photonics · 2026Article
- Nucleus softens during herpesvirus infection.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Osmotic pressure regulates DNA labelling and transcription with dCas9-SunTag system in live cells.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Conserved nucleocytoplasmic density homeostasis drives cellular organization across eukaryotes.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling controls intracellular deformation partitioning during cell stretching.Royal Society open science · 2025Article
- Separation of ionic timescales explains dynamics of cellular volume regulation.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- Regulation of chromatin modifications through coordination of nucleus size and epithelial cell morphology heterogeneity.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Metabolically intact nuclei are fluidized by the activity of the chromatin remodeling motor BRG1.Biophysical journal · 2025Article
- The Erosion of Healthcare and Scientific Integrity: A Growing Concern.Journal of healthcare leadership · 2025Review
- Review
- Matrix stiffness drives drop like nuclear deformation and lamin A/C tension-dependent YAP nuclear localization.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Rethinking nuclear shaping: insights from the nuclear drop model.Soft matter · 2024Review
- Eukaryotic cell size regulation and its implications for cellular function and dysfunction.Physiological reviews · 2024Review
- Interplay of chromatin organization and mechanics of the cell nucleus.Biophysical journal · 2024Article
- A deep learning-based toolkit for 3D nuclei segmentation and quantitative analysis in cellular and tissue context.Development (Cambridge, England) · 2024Article
- Colony context and size-dependent compensation mechanisms give rise to variations in nuclear growth trajectories.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
The volume of the cell nucleus varies across cell types and species and is commonly thought to be determined by the size of the genome and degree of chromatin compaction. However, this notion has been challenged over the years by much experimental evidence. Here, we consider the physical condition of mechanical force balance as a determining condition of the nuclear volume and use quantitative, order-of-magnitude analysis to estimate the forces from different sources of nuclear and cytoplasmic pressure. Our estimates suggest that the dominant pressure within the nucleus and cytoplasm of nonstriated muscle cells originates from the osmotic pressure of proteins and RNA molecules that are localized to the nucleus or cytoplasm by out-of-equilibrium, active nucleocytoplasmic transport rather than from chromatin or its associated ions. This motivates us to formulate a physical model for the ratio of the cell and nuclear volumes in which osmotic pressures of localized proteins determine the relative volumes. In accordance with unexplained observations that are a century old, our model predicts that the ratio of the cell and nuclear volumes is a constant, robust to a wide variety of biochemical and biophysical manipulations, and is changed only if gene expression or nucleocytoplasmic transport is modulated.
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