Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35577211›Full record

ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2022

The roles of TGF-β and VEGF pathways in the suppression of antitumor immunity in melanoma and other solid tumors.

Melissa T Bu, Pallavi Chandrasekhar, Lizhong Ding, Willy Hugo

Open access · hybridAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
45citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
7.7field-weighted citation impact, top 2% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

45 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 65 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Technical review of artificial intelligence in TCR-T therapy.Journal of the National Cancer Center · 2026
    Review
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Strategies to target PD-1/PD-L1 in the tumor microenvironment.Cellular oncology (Dordrecht, Netherlands) · 2026
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Review
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  12. Review
  13. Article
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  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Single-cell analysis reveals CD34NPJ precision oncology · 2025
    Article
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Melissa T BuDepartment of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Pallavi ChandrasekharDepartment of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Lizhong DingDepartment of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy UCLA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Willy HugoDepartment of Medicine/Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy UCLA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Electronic address: hwilly@mednet.ucla.edu.
University of California, Los Angeles · US

Funding

Metastatic Clonal Heterogeneity and its Impact on Melanoma Therapeutic ResistanceR01CA236910 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI HUGO, WILLY · 2020 to 2024
$2.3M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA236910
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become well-known in cancer therapy, strengthening the body's antitumor immune response rather than directly targeting cancer cells. Therapies targeting immune inhibitory checkpoints, such as PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4, have resulted in impressive clinical responses across different types of solid tumors. However, as with other types of cancer treatments, ICB-based immunotherapy is hampered by both innate and acquired drug resistance. We previously reported the enrichment of gene signatures associated with wound healing, epithelial-to-mesenchymal, and angiogenesis processes in the tumors of patients with innate resistance to PD-1 checkpoint antibody therapy; we termed these the Innate Anti-PD-1 Resistance Signatures (IPRES). The TGF-β and VEGFA pathways emerge as the dominant drivers of IPRES-associated processes. Here, we review these pathways' functions, their roles in immunosuppression, and the currently available therapies that target them. We also discuss recent developments in the targeting of TGF-β using a specific antibody class termed trap antibody. The application of trap antibodies opens the promise of localized targeting of the TGF-β and VEGFA pathways within the tumor microenvironment. Such specificity may offer an enhanced therapeutic window that enables suppression of the IPRES processes in the tumor microenvironment while sparing the normal homeostatic functions of TGF-β and VEGFA in healthy tissues.

Indexed as

MelanomaNeoplasmsAntibodiesHumansImmunotherapyProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorTransforming Growth Factor betaTumor MicroenvironmentVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AAntibodiesProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorTransforming Growth Factor betaVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AAngiogenesisBispecific antibodyCombination immunotherapyFibrosisImmunosuppressive tumor microenvironmentImmunotherapy resistanceTrap antibodyWound healing

Identifiers

PMID35577211
PMCPMC10956517
OpenAlexW4280547629

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.