ReviewJournal of sleep research2022
Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep-wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives.
Review in Journal of sleep research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 89 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
89 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 147 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 3: The Effect of Caffeine on Electroencephalography (EEG) During Wakefulness-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 1: The Effects of Caffeine on Event-Related Potentials (ERPs)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The Caffeinated Brain Part 2: The Effect of Caffeine on Sleep-Related Electroencephalography (EEG)-A Systematic and Mechanistic Review.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Melatonin, Caffeine, or Their Combination: Effects on Sleep, Performance, Perceived Exertion in a Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study.Nutrients · 2026Trial
- Acute effects of isolated and combined dietary nitrate and caffeine ingestion on ergometer-based 1000 m time trial performance in highly trained kayakers.Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · 2025Trial
- Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial.Sleep · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Repeated caffeine intake suppresses cerebral grey matter responses to chronic sleep restriction in an AScientific reports · 2024Trial
- Coffee consumption patterns and sleep quality among Saudi Youth: A cross-sectional study.Sleep medicine: X · 2026Article
- The sleep-wake cycle: molecular mechanisms, disorders, and therapeutic targets in the context of energy metabolism.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Beverage-Derived Caffeine Intake, Sleep Duration, and Mental Health Among Korean Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of KNHANES 2021-2024.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Rest Assured: The Association of Structural, Functional Support, and Loneliness With Subjective Sleep Health.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Light Exposure Ameliorates Tau-Induced Deficits via Adenosine Signaling and Mitochondrial Quality Control inBiomedicines · 2026Article
- Caffeine reverses sleep deprivation-induced synaptic and social memory deficits via adenosine receptor modulation in the male mouse hippocampal CA2 region.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026Article
- Not All Sleep Loss Is Equal: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Rodent Models, Their Neurobiological Validity, and Translational Relevance to Neurological Disease.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Article
- The Hypnotic Effect of Spinosin Is Mediated by Adenosine ANutrients · 2026Article
- Adenosine Signaling as a Central Integrative Network in Cellular Stress Responses and a Therapeutically Actionable Target in Human Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Adenosine ABiomolecules & therapeutics · 2026Review
- Caffeine intake from different dietary sources and its association with sleep quality in employed adults.BMC nutrition · 2026Article
29 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
For hundreds of years, mankind has been influencing its sleep and waking state through the adenosinergic system. For ~100 years now, systematic research has been performed, first started by testing the effects of different dosages of caffeine on sleep and waking behaviour. About 70 years ago, adenosine itself entered the picture as a possible ligand of the receptors where caffeine hooks on as an antagonist to reduce sleepiness. Since the scientific demonstration that this is indeed the case, progress has been fast. Today, adenosine is widely accepted as an endogenous sleep-regulatory substance. In this review, we discuss the current state of the science in model organisms and humans on the working mechanisms of adenosine and caffeine on sleep. We critically investigate the evidence for a direct involvement in sleep homeostatic mechanisms and whether the effects of caffeine on sleep differ between acute intake and chronic consumption. In addition, we review the more recent evidence that adenosine levels may also influence the functioning of the circadian clock and address the question of whether sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock may interact through adenosinergic signalling. In the final section, we discuss the perspectives of possible clinical applications of the accumulated knowledge over the last century that may improve sleep-related disorders. We conclude our review by highlighting some open questions that need to be answered, to better understand how adenosine and caffeine exactly regulate and influence sleep.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.