ReviewMolecular biology and evolution2022
Selection Balancing at Innate Immune Genes: Adaptive Polymorphism Maintenance in Toll-Like Receptors.
Review in Molecular biology and evolution, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 30 citations in OpenAlex.
- Tandem repeat variation within and between species reveals signatures of selection in humans and chimpanzees.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- NATURAL VARIATION IN RADIOTOLERANCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENCES IN INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVITY AND S-PHASE TRANSCRIPTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Overdominance for fitness: a genomic comparison between empirical and simulated data with Drosophila melanogaster.Genetics · 2026Article
- Divergent cis-regulatory haplotypes at Tlr2 are associated with immune responsiveness.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- A key regulator of missing-self innate immunity is polymorphic and under diversifying selection.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- Adaptation of plateau frog peptide: From antimicrobial to angiogenic and proliferative functions.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Large Inversion Polymorphisms are Widespread in North American Songbirds.Genome biology and evolution · 2025Article
- Article
- TLR9 gene polymorphism -1237T/C (rs5743836) is associated with low IgG antibody response against PvCSP variants in symptomatic P. vivax infections in Venezuela.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Differences between mates at the TLR1Lb locus are associated with lower reproductive success in a long-lived seabird.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Twelve toll-like receptor (TLR) genes in the family Equidae - comparative genomics, selection and evolution.Veterinary research communications · 2024Article
- Whole-genome sequencing of the invasive golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata from Asia reveals rapid expansion and adaptive evolution.GigaScience · 2024Article
- More evidence for widespread antagonistic pleiotropy in polymorphic disease alleles.Frontiers in genetics · 2024Review
- Genetic variation at innate and adaptive immune genes - contrasting patterns of differentiation and local adaptation in a wild gull.Heredity · 2023Article
- Non-MHC immunity genes do not affect parasite load in European invasive populations of common raccoon.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The characterization of toll-like receptor repertoire inEcology and evolution · 2023Article
- Understanding the evolution of immune genes in jawed vertebrates.Journal of evolutionary biology · 2023Review
- Balancing selection on the complement system of a wild rodent.BMC ecology and evolution · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Balancing selection is a classic mechanism for maintaining variability in immune genes involved in host-pathogen interactions. However, it remains unclear how widespread the mechanism is across immune genes other than the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Although occasional reports suggest that balancing selection (heterozygote advantage, negative frequency-dependent selection, and fluctuating selection) may act on other immune genes, the current understanding of the phenomenon in non-MHC immune genes is far from solid. In this review, we focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), innate immune genes directly involved in pathogen recognition and immune response activation, as there is a growing body of research testing the assumptions of balancing selection in these genes. After reviewing infection- and fitness-based evidence, along with evidence based on population allelic frequencies and heterozygosity levels, we conclude that balancing selection maintains variation in TLRs, though it tends to occur under specific conditions in certain evolutionary lineages rather than being universal and ubiquitous. Our review also identifies key gaps in current knowledge and proposes promising areas for future research. Improving our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and balancing selection in innate immune genes are increasingly important, particularly regarding threats from emerging zoonotic diseases.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.