ReviewFrontiers in toxicology2022
Azole Fungicides and Their Endocrine Disrupting Properties: Perspectives on Sex Hormone-Dependent Reproductive Development.
Review in Frontiers in toxicology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 53 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mixture Effects Investigation of a Thyroid Hormone System-Specific Interaction with Azole Fungicides.Toxics · 2026Article
- Prenatal antifungal exposure disrupts fetal steroidogenesis and is associated with persistent effects in children.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Thymoquinone attenuates tricyclazole-induced testicular dysfunction through endocrine, redox, histomorphometric and sperm function changes in rats.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Yeast community associated with winter wheat leaves and its sensitivity to fungicides.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Effect of conazoles on steroidogenesis mapped by extended H295R-CALUX® assay and LC-MS/MS profiling.NAM journal · 2026Article
- The dual role of sertraline: From antidepressant to antifungal drug with broad metabolic disruption.Genetics and molecular biology · 2026Article
- Age Versus Immunity: Dietary Influences on Immunosenescence.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Exploring the Androgen Receptor Binding Affinity of Azole Derivatives through Multiscale Computational and Experimental Approaches.Environmental science & technology · 2025Article
- Predicting natural variation in the yeast phenotypic landscape with machine learning.Molecular systems biology · 2025Article
- Fluconazole-resistant vulvovaginal candidiasis in reproductive-age women: a study from Himalayan country.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Adverse Effects of Pesticides on the Ovary: Evidence from Epidemiological and Toxicological Studies.Environment & health (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Review
- Profiling the Tox21 Compound Library for Their Inhibitory Effects on Cytochrome P450 Enzymes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- From crops to clinic: the impact of dual azole use on antifungal resistance inFrontiers in microbiology · 2025Review
- Screening for toxicity of azole fungicides inmicroPublication biology · 2025Article
- Measurement of the effectiveness of Clonostachys rosea in reducing Fusarium biomass on wheat straw.Journal of applied genetics · 2024Article
- Thresholds of adversity for endocrine disrupting substances: a conceptual case study.Archives of toxicology · 2024Article
- Multi-omic responses of fish exposed to complex chemical mixtures in the Shenandoah River watershed.The Science of the total environment · 2023Article
- Potency of Hexaconazole to Disrupt Endocrine Function with Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Pesticides and Their Impairing Effects on Epithelial Barrier Integrity, Dysbiosis, Disruption of the AhR Signaling Pathway and Development of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Azoles are antifungal agents used in both agriculture and medicine. They typically target the CYP51 enzyme in fungi and, by so doing, disrupt cell membrane integrity. However, azoles can also target various CYP enzymes in mammals, including humans, which can disrupt hormone synthesis and signaling. For instance, several azoles can inhibit enzymes of the steroidogenic pathway and disrupt steroid hormone biosynthesis. This is of particular concern during pregnancy, since sex hormones are integral to reproductive development. In other words, exposure to azole fungicides during fetal life can potentially lead to reproductive disease in the offspring. In addition, some azoles can act as androgen receptor antagonists, which can further add to the disrupting potential following exposure. When used as pharmaceuticals, systemic concentrations of the azole compounds can become significant as combatting fungal infections can be very challenging and require prolonged exposure to high doses. Although most medicinal azoles are tightly regulated and used as prescription drugs after consultations with medical professionals, some are sold as over-the-counter drugs. In this review, we discuss various azole fungicides known to disrupt steroid sex hormone biosynthesis or action with a focus on what potential consequences exposure during pregnancy can have on the life-long reproductive health of the offspring.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.