ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
Dissecting the Role of AXL in Cancer Immune Escape and Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibition.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 78 citations in OpenAlex.
- Multi-omics graph attention network reveals neuro-immune-tumor pathways in breast cancer liver depression syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Phase I/II Study of AXL-Specific Antibody-Drug Conjugate Enapotamab Vedotin in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors.Cancer research communications · 2025Trial
- Bemcentinib as monotherapy and in combination with low-dose cytarabine in acute myeloid leukemia patients unfit for intensive chemotherapy: a phase 1b/2a trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- AXL at the nexus of therapeutic resistance, tumor vascularization, and immune evasion in cancer.iScience · 2026Review
- Towards liquid biopsy-based analysis of antitumour immunity.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Reveals Tumor Microenvironment Composition and Prior Therapy Modulate Response to Axl Inhibition.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2026Article
- Article
- Multiomic, Histologic, and scRNA-seq Profiling of Pleural Mesothelioma Reveals Negative Prognosis Associated With a Novel Uncommitted Molecular Phenotype.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2026Article
- Maternal lung inflammation and apoptosis following gestational exposure to secondhand smoke and E-cigarette vapor: Implications for maternal-fetal health.Experimental and molecular pathology · 2026Article
- Structural Analysis of Tilvestamab in Complex with AXL.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived GAS6 increases resistance to chemotherapy through AXL/STAT3/ABCG1 in gastric cancer.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- RTK AXL and its Isoforms: Regulation and Implications in Cancer.Current medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Clinical and molecular characterization ofJournal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- First-in-Human Phase I Clinical Trial of SLC-391, a Novel and Selective AXL Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumours.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Redox-Adhesion-Exosome (RAX) Hub in Cancer: Lipid Peroxidation-Driven EMT Plasticity and Ferroptosis Defense with HNE/MDA Signaling and Lipidomic Perspectives.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Kaempferols from Echinacea purpurea demonstrate anti-cancer potential by targeting anexelekto in breast cancer therapy using chemoinformatics approach.Discover oncology · 2025Article
- Targeted Therapies Modulating Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition-Linked Oncogenic Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment: Comparative Profiling of Capmatinib, Bemcentinib, and Galunisertib.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- The Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axl in (Advanced) Gastric Cancer-From Pathophysiology to Therapeutic Impact.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Phytochemicals as promising agents in Axl-targeted cancer treatment.The Korean journal of physiology & pharmacology : official journal of the Korean Physiological Society and the Korean Society of Pharmacology · 2025Review
- Oncogenic Signalling Pathways in Cancer Immunotherapy: Leader or Follower in This Delicate Dance?International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development and implementation of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) in clinical oncology have significantly improved the survival of a subset of cancer patients with metastatic disease previously considered uniformly lethal. However, the low response rates and the low number of patients with durable clinical responses remain major concerns and underscore the limited understanding of mechanisms regulating anti-tumor immunity and tumor immune resistance. There is an urgent unmet need for novel approaches to enhance the efficacy of ICI in the clinic, and for predictive tools that can accurately predict ICI responders based on the composition of their tumor microenvironment. The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL has been associated with poor prognosis in numerous malignancies and the emergence of therapy resistance. AXL is a member of the TYRO3-AXL-MERTK (TAM) kinase family. Upon binding to its ligand GAS6, AXL regulates cell signaling cascades and cellular communication between various components of the tumor microenvironment, including cancer cells, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Converging evidence points to AXL as an attractive molecular target to overcome therapy resistance and immunosuppression, supported by the potential of AXL inhibitors to improve ICI efficacy. Here, we review the current literature on the prominent role of AXL in regulating cancer progression, with particular attention to its effects on anti-tumor immune response and resistance to ICI. We discuss future directions with the aim to understand better the complex role of AXL and TAM receptors in cancer and the potential value of this knowledge and targeted inhibition for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.