ReviewFrontiers in immunology2022
The Era of Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 118 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
118 citing papers in PubMed, 153 citations in OpenAlex.
- Peanut allergy oral immunotherapy drives single-cell multi-omic changes in peanut-reactive T cells associated with sustained unresponsiveness.Nature immunology · 2025Trial
- UCPVax, a CD4 helper peptide vaccine, induces polyfunctional Th1 cells, antibody response, and epitope spreading to improve antitumor immunity.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Trial
- Why CD4+ T cells matter in adoptive cell therapy for solid cancers.Immuno-oncology technology · 2026Review
- T cell immunomonitoring: a comparative analysis of traditional and novel methods to quantify and characterize human antigen-specific T cells.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- CD151 identifies a cytotoxic CD4 T cell population enriched in people with HIV that later develop cancer.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Take Five: harmonization in personalized cancer vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.Experimental & molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Association Between Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Lymphocyte Profile in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Protein-dependent CD4iScience · 2026Article
- MMP9 Genotype and Systemic T-Cell Subsets Correlate With Structural and Functional Outcomes in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- CD8Cancer cell international · 2026Review
- Development of a pediatric immune cell atlas and characterization of CD4+ T cells in food allergy.Pediatric allergy and immunology : official publication of the European Society of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology · 2026Review
- Daily Consumption of Unprocessed/Minimally Processed Foods and Its Relationship with Serum Phosphorus, CD3+, and CD45+ Cell Counts in People Living with HIV: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Cell-Mediated Immunity Against Human Papillomavirus Infection: From Viral Clearance to Oncogenesis.Viruses · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Cell-Intrinsic Type I Interferon Signaling as a Pleiotropic Orchestrator of CD4 T Cell Immunity.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Multicomponent Ganoderma lucidum spore-based solid self-nanoemulsifying system of paclitaxel for improved lymphatic absorption and immune synergistic antitumor strategy.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Pipe dream to pipeline: Journey of cancer vaccines and the road ahead.Cell reports. Medicine · 2026Review
- Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells: Dual Agents in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2026Review
- Imbalanced immune cell network and suboptimal cell activation: signatures associated with disease severity in vaccine-naïve COVID-19 patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Case Report: NovelFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
58 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In 1986, Mosmann and Coffman identified 2 functionally distinct subsets of activated CD4 T cells, Th1 and Th2 cells, being key in distinct T cell mediated responses. Over the past three decades, our understanding of CD4 T cell differentiation has expanded and the initial paradigm of a dichotomic CD4 T cell family has been revisited to accommodate a constantly growing number of functionally distinct CD4 T helper and regulatory subpopulations. Of note, CD4 T cells with cytotoxic functions have also been described, initially in viral infections, autoimmune disorders and more recently also in cancer settings. Here, we provide an historical overview on the discovery and characterization of cytotoxic CD4 T cells, followed by a description of their mechanisms of cytotoxicity. We emphasize the relevance of these cells in disease conditions, particularly in cancer, and we provide insights on how to exploit these cells in immunotherapy.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.