ArticleCancer2022
The intersection of sexual orientation with race and ethnicity in cervical cancer screening.
Article in Cancer, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Addressing Cervical Cancer Screening Disparities: At-Home Self-Collection Among LGBQ+ Populations.Cancer control : journal of the Moffitt Cancer CenterTrial
- Knowledge and Attitudes of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Family Medicine Residents Regarding Transgender and Gender-Diverse Health: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Discrimination in the medical setting among LGBTQ+ adults and associations with cancer screening.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Weight-Based Health Care Discrimination and Cervical Cancer Screening Among Black Sexual and Gender Minoritized Assigned Female at Birth Adults in the United States.Health equity · 2025Article
- Structural Racism in Cervical Cancer Care and Survival Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Inequities and Barriers.Current epidemiology reports · 2025Review
- Sexual orientation and gender identity inequities in cervical cancer screening by race and ethnicity.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- Article
- Inequities in colorectal and breast cancer screening: At the intersection of race/ethnicity, sexuality, and gender.SSM - population health · 2023Article
- Prevalence of self-reported cancer based on sexual orientation in the United States: a comparative analysis between lesbian, bisexual, gay, and heterosexual individuals.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2023Article
- Preventive care recommendations to promote health equity.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2023Article
- Disparities in food insecurity between sexual minority and heterosexual adults - a higher burden on bisexual individuals.Frontiers in public health · 2023Article
- "Give me the sense that I matter:" Queer women's recommendations for an ideal cervical cancer screening exam and pathways to screening equity.Women's health (London, England)Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCervical cancer screening is recommended for those with a cervix who are 21 to 65 years old, with specific timelines being dependent on individual risk. This study compared rates of ever undergoing Papanicolaou (Pap) testing at the intersection of self-reported sexual minority (SM) status and race/ethnicity.
methodsData from the National Health Interview Survey (2015 and 2018) were used to examine cervical cancer screening disparities. Natal females without a history of hysterectomy who were 21 to 65 years old and had reported their sexual orientation and Pap testing history were included. Demographic and health characteristics were summarized with descriptive statistics. To adjust for differences in confounding variables between groups, propensity score-based inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed. IPTW-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models estimated odds of ever undergoing a Pap test by sexual orientation alone and with race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Hispanic).
resultsSM persons (n = 877) had significantly reduced odds of ever undergoing Pap testing (odds ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.42-0.70) in comparison with heterosexual persons (n = 17,760). When the intersection of sexual orientation and race/ethnicity was considered, non-Hispanic White SM participants and Hispanic SM participants had reduced odds of ever undergoing Pap testing in comparison with non-Hispanic White heterosexual participants. No significant differences were observed between non-Hispanic White heterosexual participants and participants of non-Hispanic Black SM or Hispanic heterosexual identities.
conclusionsSM participants were significantly less likely to have ever undergone a Pap test in comparison with heterosexual participants, with Hispanic SM participants having the lowest uptake. Future studies should further examine the roles of systemic discrimination and other key drivers of these disparities.
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