ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2022
Novel Invisible Spectral Flicker Induces 40 Hz Neural Entrainment with Similar Spatial Distribution as 40 Hz Stroboscopic Light.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05680220 (A Double-blinded, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of 40 Hz Light Neurostimulation Therapy for Patients With Depression), which is not on this map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
A Double-blinded, Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial of 40 Hz Light Neurostimulation Therapy for Patients With Depression
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Resting-State 40 Hz EEG Activity Before and After Single-Session Non-Flickering 40 Hz Light Stimulation in Cognitively Normal Older Adults: An Uncontrolled Pilot Study.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- High intensity 40 Hz flicker improves amyloid pathology and cognition with autophagy in 3xTg mice.iScience · 2026Article
- Light-based 40 Hz sensory therapy for brain disorders: physiological basis, therapeutic mechanisms, and future prospects.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Article
- Mystery of gamma wave stimulation in brain disorders.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2024Review
- Light-based gamma entrainment with novel invisible spectral flicker stimuli.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- 40 Hz sensory entrainment: Is real-time EEG a good indicator of future cognitive improvement?Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2024Article
- Forty-Hertz audiovisual stimulation does not have a promoting effect on visual threshold and visual spatial memory.Journal of vision · 2024Article
- Audiovisual gamma stimulation for the treatment of neurodegeneration.Journal of internal medicine · 2024Review
- Brain stimulation with 40 Hz heterochromatic flicker extended beyond red, green, and blue.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Study on the effect of 40 Hz non-invasive light therapy system. A protocol for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2023Article
- Gamma oscillations and application of 40-Hz audiovisual stimulation to improve brain function.Brain and behavior · 2022Review
- Single-session gamma sensory stimulation entrains real-time electroencephalography but does not enhance perception, attention, short-term memory, or long-term memory.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
- 40 Hz audiovisual stimulation improves sustained attention and related brain oscillations.Imaging neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundExposure to 40 Hz stroboscopic light, for one hour a day, has previously been published as a potential treatment option for Alzheimer's disease in animal models. However, exposure for an hour a day to 40 Hz stroboscopic light can be strenuous and examining other types of 40 Hz inducing stimuli is paramount if chronic treatment is wanted.
objectiveA core assumption behind ensuring a therapeutic outcome is that the visual stimuli can induce 40 Hz gamma entrainment. Here, we examine whether a specific visual stimulus, 40 Hz invisible spectral flicker (ISF), can induce gamma entrainment and how it differs from both continuous light (CON) and 40 Hz stroboscopic light (STROBE).
methodsThe study included non-simultaneous EEG-fMRI neuroimaging of 13 young healthy volunteers during light exposure. Each light condition (i.e., CON, ISF, or STROBE) was active for 30 seconds followed immediately by the next.
resultsEntrainment of 40 Hz neural activity were significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio during exposure to ISF (mean: 3.03, 95% CI 2.07 to 3.99) and STROBE (mean: 12.04, 95% CI 10.18 to 13.87) compared to CON. Additionally STROBE had a higher entrainment than ISF (mean: 9.01, 95% CI 7.16 to 12.14).
conclusionThis study presents a novel method of 40 Hz entrainment using ISF. This enables the possibility of future randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with acceptable double blinding due to the essentially imperceivable flicker, which is expected to substantially reduce discomfort compared to interventions with stroboscopic flicker.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.