ArticleScientific reports2022
Modelling liver cancer microenvironment using a novel 3D culture system.
Article in Scientific reports, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
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Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
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- Berberine enhances cisplatin efficacy in ehrlich ascites carcinoma via modulation of apoptotic pathway and efferocytosis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A new inject-embed 3D culture method enables the spheroid and aggregate formation from single or dual liver cancer cell types.Cancer cell international · 2026Article
- Therapeutic potential of diosgenin in hepatocellular carcinoma through molecular mechanisms and nanodelivery strategies.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Oroxylin A FromCanadian respiratory journal · 2026Article
- A therapeutic approach of LC-MS characterised MFER-Mc against alcohol and NDEA induced hepatocellular carcinoma activity through LXR-α, LXR-β and HMG-CoA pathway: an in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo study.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2025Article
- Protodioscin enhances Methotrexate-induced senescence and senolytic activity in HepG2 liver cancer spheroids by modulating cell cycle regulators and the TGF-β/p-Smad2-4 signaling pathway.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Bridging dimensions: a comparative analysis of 2D and 3D in vitro models for hepatocellular carcinoma research.Archives of toxicology · 2025Article
- Lessons Learned from Liver-on-Chip Platform.Annals of biomedical engineering · 2025Review
- The tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential of traditional Chinese medicine.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Three-Dimensional Culture Systems in Neuroblastoma Research.Organoids · 2025Article
- Functional Liver Cell-Based Platforms in Biomedical Research.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Review
- 3D Biomimetic Liver Cancer Model: Diethylnitrosamine-Induced Proteomic Dysregulations in Stromal-Epithelial Milieu.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Review
- HepG2 cells do not express xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR): Implications for XOR and uric acid-related research.Free radical biology & medicine · 2025Article
- Computational and experimental advances in liver-on-a-chip technology for cancer research: a systematic review.Biophysical reviews · 2025Review
- Morphological and functional analysis of colorectal cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D culture models.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
The tumor microenvironment and its contribution to tumorigenesis has been a focal highlight in recent years. A two-way communication between the tumor and the surrounding microenvironment sustains and contributes to the growth and metastasis of tumors. Progression and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have been reported to be exceedingly influenced by diverse microenvironmental cues. In this study, we present a 3D-culture model of liver cancer to better mimic in vivo tumor settings. By creating novel 3D co-culture model that combines free-floating and scaffold-based 3D-culture techniques of liver cancer cells and fibroblasts, we aimed to establish a simple albeit reproducible ex vivo cancer microenvironment model that captures tumor-stroma interactions. The model presented herein exhibited unique gene expression and protein expression profiles when compared to 2D and 3D mono-cultures of liver cancer cells. Our results showed that in vivo like conditions cannot be mimicked by simply growing cancer cells as spheroids, but by co-culturing them with 3D fibroblast with which they were able to crosstalk. This was evident by the upregulation of several pathways involved in HCC, and the increase in secreted factors by co-cultured cancer cells, many of which are also involved in tumor-stroma interactions. Compared to the conventional 2D culture, the proposed model exhibits an increase in the expression of genes associated with development, progression, and poor prognosis of HCC. Our results correlated with an aggressive outcome that better mirrors in vivo HCC, and therefore, a more reliable platform for molecular understanding of HCC.
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