ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2022
Glucocorticoid Receptor β Isoform Predominates in the Human Dysplastic Brain Region and Is Modulated by Age, Sex, and Antiseizure Medication.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- GLUT1 and Cerebral Glucose Hypometabolism in Human Focal Cortical Dysplasia Is Associated with Hypermethylation of Key Glucose Regulatory Genes.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Epilepsy.Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea) · 2024Review
- The role of molecular chaperones in the mechanisms of epileptogenesis.Cell stress & chaperones · 2023Review
- Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Epilepsy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- CmPn/CmP Signaling Networks in the Maintenance of the Blood Vessel Barrier.Journal of personalized medicine · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at the blood−brain barrier (BBB) is involved in the pathogenesis of drug-resistant epilepsy with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD); however, the roles of GR isoforms GRα and GRβ in the dysplastic brain have not been revealed. We utilized dysplastic/epileptic and non-dysplastic brain tissue from patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgery to identify the GRα and GRβ levels, subcellular localization, and cellular specificity. BBB endothelial cells isolated from the dysplastic brain tissue (EPI-ECs) were used to decipher the key BBB proteins related to drug regulation and BBB integrity compared to control and transfected GRβ-overexpressed BBB endothelial cells. GRβ was upregulated in dysplastic compared to non-dysplastic tissues, and an imbalance of the GRα/GRβ ratio was significant in females vs. males and in patients > 45 years old. In EPI-ECs, the subcellular localization and expression patterns of GRβ, Hsp90, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 were consistent with GRβ+ brain endothelial cells. Active matrix metalloproteinase levels and activity increased, whereas claudin-5 levels decreased in both EPI-ECs and GRβ+ endothelial cells. In conclusion, the GRβ has a major effect on dysplastic BBB functional proteins and is age and gender-dependent, suggesting a critical role of brain GRβ in dysplasia as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in epilepsy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.