ArticleNature communications2022
Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA-booster elicits strong immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.
Article in Nature communications, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 127 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
127 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 163 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Meta-Analysis on the Immunogenicity of Homologous versus Heterologous Immunization Regimens against SARS-CoV-2 Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 VoCs in Healthy Adults.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Pooled it
- Effectiveness of homologous or heterologous immunization regimens against SARS-CoV-2 after two doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Pooled it
- Booster COVID-19 vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: A systematic review.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Heterologous RBMRNA-405 mRNA booster enhances humoral immunity post-inactivated COVID-19 vaccination: a randomized clinical trial in adults and older through 12 months.Scientific reports · 2026Trial
- Efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (Omicron BA.5) LVRNA012: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of Ad5-nCoV immunization after three-dose priming with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in Chinese adults.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Immunogenicity of a Third Dose of BNT162b2 to Ancestral Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 and the Omicron Variant in Adults Who Received 2 Doses of Inactivated Vaccine.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Trial
- Development of mRNA vaccines against herpes zoster.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Optimizing COVID-19 vaccination for older adults: superior efficacy of heterologous regimens in reducing infection and mortality rates among patients aged 80 years and older during the Omicron BA.5/BF.7 outbreak.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- From legacy to innovation: A comprehensive review of vaccine platforms against viral infections.Virus research · 2026Review
- Long-term cross-variant Fc-mediated immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 induced by a heterologous adenoviral/inactivated virus prime-boost vaccination strategy.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Immunological memory to vaccines.Immunity · 2026Review
- Impaired mucosal IgA response to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with inborn errors of immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Safety and antibody responses to inactivated COVID-19 vaccines among elderly patients with COPD: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Observational
- Differential functional immune recall across homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Temporal dynamics of IgM and IgG after COVID-19 vaccination: a pilot cohort study on breakthrough infections.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2026Article
- T and B cell responses following primary COVID-19 vaccination with CoronaVac and two heterologous BNT162b2 booster doses.mSphere · 2025Article
- The impact of Omicron infection on antibody response and attenuation: a six-month follow-up study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
67 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
28 authors at 11 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The recent emergence of the Omicron variant has raised concerns on vaccine efficacy and the urgent need to study more efficient vaccination strategies. Here we observed that an mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with two doses of inactivated vaccine significantly increased the plasma level of specific antibodies that bind to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) or the spike (S) ectodomain (S1 + S2) of both the G614 and the Omicron variants, compared to two doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. The level of RBD- and S-specific IgG antibodies and virus neutralization titers against variants of concern in the heterologous vaccination group were similar to that in individuals receiving three doses of homologous mRNA-vaccine or a boost of mRNA vaccine after infection, but markedly higher than that in individuals receiving three doses of a homologous inactivated vaccine. This heterologous vaccination regime furthermore significantly enhanced the RBD-specific memory B cell response and S1-specific T cell response, compared to two or three doses of homologous inactivated vaccine. Our study demonstrates that mRNA vaccine booster in individuals vaccinated with inactivated vaccines can be highly beneficial, as it markedly increases the humoral and cellular immune responses against the virus, including the Omicron variant.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.