ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2022
Vaccine-induced systemic and mucosal T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 viral variants.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
97 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 126 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Comparative antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, reactogenicity, and efficacy of homologous and heterologous boosting with CoronaVac and BNT162b2 (Cobovax): an open-label, randomised trial.The Lancet. Microbe · 2023Trial
- The Role of CD4 T Cell Repertoire and Immune Memory Mechanisms in Vaccination and Infection Immunity.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Induction of mucosal immune responses against SARS-CoV-2: a heterologous intramuscular mRNA-LNP prime/pulmonary recombinant subunit pull vaccination strategy.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Polymer-lipid hybrid nanoparticle enhances mRNA delivery and T cell-mediated immunity.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Preclinical development of a cross-protective β-SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle vaccine adjuvanted with MF59.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Purification and immunogenicity of Nipah virus-like particles from insect cells.BMC biotechnology · 2025Article
- Article
- Intranasal measles virus- and mumps virus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Population-level toggling of T cell immune escape at human leukocyte antigen anchor residues in SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins, in an ethnically diverse population region.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- A scoping review on the importance of vaccination strategies targeting skin imprinting for arthropod-borne diseases.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Intranasal spike and nucleoprotein fusion protein-based vaccine provides cross-protection and reduced transmission against SARS-CoV-2 variants.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Diversifying T-cell responses: safeguarding against pandemic influenza with mosaic nucleoprotein.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Effector CD8 T cell differentiation in primary and breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Review
- Upper respiratory tract immunization with PamFrontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Induction of protective immune responses at respiratory mucosal sites.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Review
- Early antiviral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are associated with upper airway clearance of SARS-CoV-2.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Enhanced mucosal SARS-CoV-2 immunity after heterologous intramuscular mRNA prime/intranasal protein boost vaccination with a combination adjuvant.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2024Article
- Fc-empowered exosomes with superior epithelial layer transmission and lung distribution ability for pulmonary vaccination.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The first-generation COVID-19 vaccines have been effective in mitigating severe illness and hospitalization, but recurring waves of infections are associated with the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants that display progressive abilities to evade antibodies, leading to diminished vaccine effectiveness. The lack of clarity on the extent to which vaccine-elicited mucosal or systemic memory T cells protect against such antibody-evasive SARS-CoV-2 variants remains a critical knowledge gap in our quest for broadly protective vaccines. Using adjuvanted spike protein–based vaccines that elicit potent T cell responses, we assessed whether systemic or lung-resident CD4 and CD8 T cells protected against SARS-CoV-2 variants in the presence or absence of virus-neutralizing antibodies. We found that 1) mucosal or parenteral immunization led to effective viral control and protected against lung pathology with or without neutralizing antibodies, 2) protection afforded by mucosal memory CD8 T cells was largely redundant in the presence of antibodies that effectively neutralized the challenge virus, and 3) “unhelped” mucosal memory CD8 T cells provided no protection against the homologous SARS-CoV-2 without CD4 T cells and neutralizing antibodies. Significantly, however, in the absence of detectable virus-neutralizing antibodies, systemic or lung-resident memory CD4 and “helped” CD8 T cells provided effective protection against the relatively antibody-resistant B1.351 (β) variant, without lung immunopathology. Thus, induction of systemic and mucosal memory T cells directed against conserved epitopes might be an effective strategy to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade neutralizing antibodies. Mechanistic insights from this work have significant implications in the development of T cell–targeted immunomodulation or broadly protective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.