ArticleFrontiers in medicine2022
High-Intensity Use of Smartphone Can Significantly Increase the Diagnostic Rate and Severity of Dry Eye.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Clinical efficacy of portable, cost-effective manual thermal pulsation for obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction and factors associated with therapeutic efficacy.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Review
- Tear Film Dynamics in Visual Display Terminal Users: A Review of Impact on Goblet Cells, Lacrimal and Meibomian Gland Function.Seminars in ophthalmology · 2025Review
- IL-23 Promotes γδT Cell Activity in Dry Eye Disease Progression.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of high-intensity use of smartphones on ocular surface homeostasis and to explore whether high-intensity use of handheld digital devices can cause false increase of dry eye diagnostic rate. Methods: In this prospective self-control study, 60 subjects (120 eyes) were recruited and asked to read on smartphones provided by the same manufacturer for two consecutive hours. This study was conducted during 8:00 - 10:00 AM to eliminate the influence of digital equipment used the previous day. Ophthalmological examinations [non-invasive tear breakup time (NIBUT), fluorescein breakup time (FBUT), Schirmer I test, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), bulbar conjunctival redness and meibomian gland (MG) assessment] and a questionnaire survey were conducted before and after the reading test. Based on the collected data, the changes in ocular surface damage and subjective symptoms of the subjects were evaluated, and the differences in the diagnostic rate of dry eye before and after high-intensity use of smartphones were compared. Results: The diagnostic rate of dry eye was sharply increased (61.7% vs. 74.2%). The severity of dry eye also changed significantly, and the moderate and severe degree increased after reading (10% vs. 15%; 5% vs. 10.8%). The aggravated severity subjects had lower MG expressibility and more evident bulbar conjunctival redness compared to the non-aggravated severity subjects. After 2 h of continuous reading, NIBUT-First, NIBUT-Average and FBUT-Average were significantly decreased, while the proportion of BUT ≤ 5 s increased significantly. Non-invasive keratograph tear meniscus height(NIKTMH) decreased significantly compared to the baseline level, while the proportion of NIKTMH<0.20 mm increased significantly. No significant difference was observed in the Schirmer I test and CFS score between the two groups. Compared to the baseline, evident aggravation was observed in bulbar conjunctival redness. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) was significantly higher than the baseline after the reading test. Conclusion: Diagnostic indicators related to dry eye are rapidly deteriorating after high-intensity smartphone use, especially those with lower MG expressibility and ocular redness. High-intensity smartphone use can increase the false positive rate of dry eye diagnosis by disturbing ocular surface homeostasis.
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