ArticleFrontiers in immunology2022
Vaccination With a Gamma Irradiation-Inactivated African Swine Fever Virus Is Safe But Does Not Protect Against a Challenge.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Quantitative evaluation of the efficacy of non-replicating vaccines for controlling African swine fever in domestic pigs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2025Pooled it
- Construction of an Oral Vaccine Based on Multiple Antigens of African Swine Fever Virus Displayed on the Surface of Bacillus Subtilis Spores and Study of its Immune Effect in Rats.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Live-Attenuated Vaccines Against African Swine Fever: Strategies, Lessons, and Prospects.Biology · 2026Review
- Current Insights into the Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics of African Swine Fever Virus and Future Control Perspectives.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Prospects and Challenges of Live Attenuated Vaccines Against African Swine Fever Virus in Vietnam.Vaccines · 2026Review
- African Swine Fever: Vaccine Advancement and Major Gaps.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Oral Bait Immunization of Eurasian Wild Boar (Vaccines · 2026Article
- Establishment and characterization of a replication-restricted modified African swine fever virus.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Implications for safety:Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- African swine fever control in the context of endemic persistence.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Genetic evolution of Akabane virus isolates and the protective efficacy of inactivated vaccines.Virology journal · 2025Article
- Hope and hurdles: unlocking the potential of modified live virus vaccines for African swine fever.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Review
- An attenuated African swine fever virus expressing the E2 glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus protects pigs against challenge of both viruses.Emerging microbes & infections · 2025Article
- Identification of T-Cell Epitopes and Vaccine Development for African Swine Fever Virus.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Designing a multi-epitope vaccine against African swine fever virus using immunoinformatics approach.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Specific Detection of African Swine Fever Virus Variants: Novel Quadplex Real-Time PCR Assay with Internal Control.Microorganisms · 2025Article
- The Potential of Disabled Infectious Single Cycle (DISC) Virus Platforms for Next Generation African Swine Fever Vaccine Development.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2025Review
- Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored African Swine Fever Virus Antigen Cocktail Delays the Onset of ASFV-SY18 but Is Not Protective.Microorganisms · 2024Article
- Advancement in the Antigenic Epitopes and Vaccine Adjuvants of African Swine Fever Virus.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is among the most devastating viral diseases of pigs and wild boar worldwide. In recent years, the disease has spread alarmingly. Despite intensive research activities, a commercialized vaccine is still not available, and efficacious live attenuated vaccine candidates raise safety concerns. From a safety perspective, inactivated preparations would be most favourable. However, both historical and more recent trials with chemical inactivation did not show an appreciable protective effect. Under the assumption that the integrity of viral particles could enhance presentation of antigens, we used gamma irradiation for inactivation. To this means, gamma irradiated ASFV "Estonia 2014" was adjuvanted with either Polygen™ or Montanide™ ISA 201 VG, respectively. Subsequently, five weaner pigs per preparation were immunized twice with a three-week interval. Six weeks after the first immunization, all animals were challenged with the highly virulent ASFV strain "Armenia 2008". Although ASFV p72-specific IgG antibodies were detectable in all vaccinated animals prior challenge, no protection could be observed. All animals developed an acute lethal course of ASF and had to be euthanized at a moderate humane endpoint within six days. Indeed, the vaccinated pigs showed even higher clinical scores and a higher inner body temperature than the control group. However, significantly lower viral loads were detectable in spleen and liver of immunized animals at the time point of euthanasia. This phenomenon suggests an immune mediated disease enhancement that needs further investigation.
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