Chrysanthemum × grandiflora leaf and root transcript profiling in response to salinity stress.

As high soil salinity threatens the growth and development of plants, understanding the mechanism of plants' salt tolerance is critical. The Chrysanthemum × grandiflora is a newly developed species with a strong salt resistance that possesses multiple genes controlling its quantitative salt resistance. Because of this multigene control, we chose to investigate the plant stress genes overall responses at the transcriptome level. C. grandiflora were treated with a 200 mM NaCl solution for 12 h to study its effect on the roots and leaves via Illumina RNA sequencing. PAL, CYP73A, and 4CL in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were upregulated in roots and leaves. In the salicylic acid signal transduction pathway, TGA7 was upregulated in the roots and leaves, while in the jasmonic acid signal transduction pathway, TIFY9 was upregulated in the roots and leaves. In the ion transporter gene, we identified HKT1 that showed identical expression patterns in the roots and leaves. The impact of NaCl imposition for 12 h was largely due to osmotic effect of salinity on C. grandiflora, and most likely the transcript abundance changes in this study were due to the osmotic effect. In order to verify the accuracy of the Illumina sequencing data, we selected 16 DEGs for transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. qRT-PCR and transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that the transcriptome sequencing results were reliable.