ArticleBMC ophthalmology2022
High prevalence of myopia and low hyperopia reserve in 4411 Chinese primary school students and associated risk factors.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hyperopic reserve, early myopia risk and screening strategies in children: A multi-regional analysis from the CREAM-KIDS consortium.iScience · 2026Article
- The application of artificial intelligence in myopia prediction for children and adolescents: a review.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Review
- Operationalizing a minimal-metric school screening pathway: using non-cycloplegic spherical equivalent as a first-stage triage metric for hyperopia-reserve insufficiency in Chinese schoolchildren.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Development of an entropy-weighted evaluation system for optometric education quality in vocational colleges of Yunnan Province.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- A quasi-experimental design study on myopia preventive intervention based on the MMHEM health promotion model.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Association between refraction characteristics and anthropometrics in 7- to 10-year-old Chinese primary school students.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Identifying and Managing Pre-Myopia: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- UWF-SS-OCTA evaluation of changes of choroidal microvasculature and microstructure in adult patients with high myopia and relationship with age and axial length.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- IMI-2025 Digest.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Article
- Effect of optical technical of guiding emmetropization lenses on myopia prevention in children without myopia.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The hyperopia reserve in 3- to 6- years-old preschool children in North China: the Beijing hyperopia reserve research.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Hyperopic reserve as a predictor of myopia incidence in schoolchildren aged 6-12 years: a 24-month prospective cohort study.Frontiers in public health · 2025Observational
- A study on the status of myopia and pre-myopia among primary school students in different regions of Shaanxi Province, China.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2025Article
- Innovative myopic screening platform based on smartphones.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Nutritional intake, environmental factors, and their impact on myopia prevalence in Korean children aged 5-12 years.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2024Article
- Parental awareness on myopia prevention and control among 350 children.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Distribution and correlation of refractive parameters in children with different corneal curvatures in southeast China.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Trends in myopia development among Chinese children and adolescents in Xuzhou during one academic year.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Article
- Causal association of obesity-related anthropometric traits with myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment: a Mendelian randomization study.International journal of ophthalmology · 2024Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo investigate the prevalence of myopia in Chinese primary school students and their ocular biometrics including axial length (AL), corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER). To analyze their association with potential myopia risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), cram school, time of outdoor activity and electronic screen use.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study of 4500 primary school students from 5 schools, participants underwent refraction using non-cycloplegic autorefractor and visual acuity testing. A follow-up study in the same schools was conducted in 2022. Myopia was defined as SER ≤ -0.50 diopter (D) and uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) < 0.00 logMAR (6/6). Logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with myopia.
resultsAfter excluding 389 participants, the overall prevalence of myopia was 33.6%. The prevalence of high myopia was 0.6%. The prevalence of myopia in girls was significantly higher than that in boys (37.6% vs. 30.0%, p < 0.001). The height, weight and BMI were significantly associated with AL (r = 0.471, r = 0.440, r = 0.276, p < 0.001, respectively). AL/CRC ratio was more highly correlated with SER than AL alone. Regression analysis showed that AL/CRC and hyperopia reserve were associated with myopia onset in the subsequent year (F = 201.557, p < 0.001; F = 68.934, p < 0.001). The cut point of hyperopia reserve for myopia in the subsequent year for grade 1 students was + 0.31D. Age (p < 0.001), parental myopia (p = 0.001) and lack of outdoor activity between classes (p = 0.049) were independently associated with higher prevalence rates of myopia.
conclusionThe prevalence of myopia among Chinese schoolchildren is alarming high. Consistent with previous cross-sectional data, AL/CRC and hyperopia reserve could function as myopia detection indicators. The hyperopia reserve among children aged between 6 ~ 7 years was low. Healthcare providers need to raise parents' awareness of the importance of regular eye examination and proper optical correction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.