ArticleArquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia2023
Ocular surface assessment and morphological alterations in meibomian glands with non-contact meibography in electronic cigarette smokers.
Article in Arquivos brasileiros de oftalmologia, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- The prevalence and association between electronic cigarette use and dry eye symptom severity among Palestinian university students: a cross-sectional study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Impact of smoking exposure on meibomian gland morphology and tear film stability: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- The Impact of Vaping on the Ocular Surface: A Systematic Review of the Literature.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
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7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe study aimed to evaluate the ocular surface and meibomian gland morphology in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) smokers.
methodsThe upper and lower eyelids of 25 male e-cigarette smokers and 25 healthy male non-smoker patients were evaluated using Sirius meibography. Meibomian glands loss was automatically calculated using Phoenix meibography imaging software module, with the result obtained as percentage loss. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, tear breakup time test, and Schirmer II test were administered and performed in all cases.
resultsThe mean e-cigarette smoking duration was 4.9 ± 0.9 (range, 3.4-7) years. While the mean Schirmer II test value was 9.16 ± 2.09 mm in e-cigarette group, it was 11.20 ± 2.14 mm in control group (p=0.003). Mean tear breakup time was 6.96 ± 2.31 seconds in e-cigarette group and 9.84 ± 2.13 seconds in control group (p=0.002). The mean OSDI value was 28.60 ± 6.54 and 15.16 ± 7.23 in e-cigarette and control groups, respectively (p<0.001). In Sirius meibography, the average loss for the upper eyelid was 23.08% ± 6.55% in e-cigarette group and 17.60% ± 4.94% in control group (p=0.002), and the average loss for the lower eyelid was 27.84% ± 5.98% and 18.44% ± 5.91%, respectively (p<0.001). Additionally, a significant positive correlation was identified between the loss rates for both upper and lower eyelid meibography with e-cigarette smoking duration (r=0.348, p<0.013 and r=0.550, p<0.001, respectively).
conclusionLong-term e-cigarette smoking causes damage to the meibomian glands; therefore, meibomian gland damage should be considered in ocular surface disorders due to e-ci-garette smoking.
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