ArticleBMC women's health2022
Survey of incidence, lifetime prevalence, and treatment of self-reported vulvovaginal candidiasis, United States, 2020.
Article in BMC women's health, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.
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Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Therapy of Vulvovaginal Fungal Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- In vitro evaluation of Curcuma longa extract for antifungal, antibiofilm, and synergistic activity against Candida spp.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Contribution of fungal diseases to the U.S. chronic disease burden.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2026Review
- Epidemiology of vulvovaginal candidiasis in China: a six-year retrospective single-center study from a tertiary obstetrics and gynecology hospital in Shanghai.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- State-of-the-Art Review: Managing Vulvovaginal Candidiasis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Review
- Article
- Real-World Ibrexafungerp Use Patterns Among Patients with Commercial Health Insurance, United States, 2021-2023.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2025Article
- Innovative simvastatin-loaded emulgel effectively treats vulvovaginal candidiasis: in vivo efficacy and in vitro biopharmaceutical analysis.Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology] · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Accuracy of Empiric Treatment Among Patients With Vaginitis Symptoms in the United States.Sexually transmitted diseases · 2025Article
- Migration and standing variation in vaginal and rectal yeast populations in recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis.mSystems · 2025Article
- Antifungal susceptibility profiles ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2025Article
- Genital cutaneous candidiasis versus chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: distinct diseases, different populations.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- The Role of Lactoferrin in CombatingMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Real-world clinical burden of patients presenting with vaginitis symptoms in the United States.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- Knowledge of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Characteristics, Signs, Symptoms, and Appropriate Treatment Among Portuguese Pharmacy Professionals.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Knowledge and usage patterns of clotrimazole vaginal cream and tablet amongst females: a cross-sectional study.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Healthcare utilization and costs following molecular diagnostic testing among patients with vaginitis.Journal of comparative effectiveness research · 2025Article
- Integrating Clinical and Microbiological Expertise to Improve Vaginal Candidiasis Management.Mycopathologia · 2024Article
- The small molecule CBR-5884 inhibits themBio · 2024Article
- Multifactorial inhibition of Candida albicans by combinations of lactobacilli and probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3856.Scientific reports · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common gynecologic problem in the United States but estimates of its true incidence and prevalence are lacking. We estimated self-reported incidence and lifetime prevalence of healthcare provider-diagnosed VVC and recurrent VVC (RVVC), assessed treatment types, and evaluated demographic and health-related risk factors associated with VVC.
methodsAn online survey sent to 4548 U.S. adults; data were weighted to be representative of the population. We conducted descriptive and bivariate analyses to examine demographic characteristics and health related factors associated with having VVC in the past year, lifetime prevalence of VVC, and over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription antifungal treatment use. We conducted multivariate analyses to assess features associated with 1) having VVC in the past year, 2) number of VVC episodes in the past year, and 3) lifetime prevalence of VVC.
resultsAmong the subset of 1869 women respondents, 98 (5.2%) had VVC in the past year; of those, 5 (4.7%) had RVVC. Total, 991 (53%) women reported healthcare provider-diagnosed VVC in their lifetime. Overall, 72% of women with VVC in the past year reported prescription antifungal treatment use, 40% reported OTC antifungal treatment use, and 16% reported both. In multivariate analyses, odds of having VVC in the past year were highest for women with less than a high school education (aOR = 6.30, CI: 1.84-21.65), with a child/children under 18 years old (aOR = 3.14, CI: 1.58-6.25), with diabetes (aOR = 2.93, CI: 1.32-6.47), who were part of a couple (aOR = 2.86, CI: 1.42-5.78), and with more visits to a healthcare provider for any reason (aOR = 2.72, CI: 1.84-4.01). Similar factors were associated with increasing number of VVC episodes in the past year and with lifetime prevalence of VVC.
conclusionVVC remains a common infection in the United States. Our analysis supports known clinical risk factors for VVC and suggests that antifungal treatment use is high, underscoring the need to ensure appropriate diagnosis and treatment.
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