ReviewTrends in molecular medicine2022
Adverse effects of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: the spike hypothesis.
Review in Trends in molecular medicine, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 157 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
157 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 264 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macular and retinal manifestations following COVID-19 vaccinations: a 2025 update systematic review and meta-analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Pooled it
- Autopsy findings in cases of fatal COVID-19 vaccine-induced myocarditis.ESC heart failure · 2025Pooled it
- Rare COVID-19 vaccine side effects got lost in the shuffle. Primary cutaneous lymphomas following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review.Frontiers in medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The rationale for the treatment of long-Covid symptoms - A cardiologist's view.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 protein subunit recombinant vaccine (Indovac®) in healthy populations aged 18 years and above in Indonesia: A phase I, observer-blind, randomized, controlled study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Beyond correlation and causation: epistemic caution, anomalous findings, and COVID-19 vaccine safety.Philosophy, ethics, and humanities in medicine : PEHM · 2026Review
- mRNA lipid nanoparticle vaccines: current status, challenges and future prospects.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Review
- Spike Protein at the Crossroads of Long-COVID and Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Syndromes: A Cardio-Hematological Perspective.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- The Effect of COVID-19 Vaccines on Chronic Inflammatory Remodeling in NSTEMI Patients: A Galectin-3-Based Single-Center Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Does mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in the subacute phase lead to microstructural brain changes? A prospective pilot MRI study using T1 relaxometry.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Polymer-mRNA complexes for monocyte-trafficked, lymph node-targeted cancer vaccination.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
- Whole-Body Pharmacokinetics of Lipid, mRNA and Translated Protein Following Intravenous Administration of Spike Protein Expressing mRNA-LNP in Mice.Pharmaceutical research · 2026Article
- PMPCylated liposomes in drug delivery and beyond.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- A new mRNA antigen vaccine induces potent B and T cell responses and in vivo protection against SARS-CoV-2.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- A new mRNA antigen vaccine induces potent B and T cell responses andbioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- The mRNA-Based Innovative Strategy: Progress and Challenges.Nano-micro letters · 2026Review
97 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Vaccination is a major tool for mitigating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and mRNA vaccines are central to the ongoing vaccination campaign that is undoubtedly saving thousands of lives. However, adverse effects (AEs) following vaccination have been noted which may relate to a proinflammatory action of the lipid nanoparticles used or the delivered mRNA (i.e., the vaccine formulation), as well as to the unique nature, expression pattern, binding profile, and proinflammatory effects of the produced antigens - spike (S) protein and/or its subunits/peptide fragments - in human tissues or organs. Current knowledge on this topic originates mostly from cell-based assays or from model organisms; further research on the cellular/molecular basis of the mRNA vaccine-induced AEs will therefore promise safety, maintain trust, and direct health policies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.