ArticleSocial science & medicine (1982)2023
Resilience resources may buffer some middle-aged and older Black Americans from memory decline despite experiencing discrimination.
Article in Social science & medicine (1982), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Accelerated biological aging: the role of chronic inflammation, weathering and novel therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in aging · 2026Review
- Correlates of longitudinal patterns of racial discrimination in midlife and older Black adults: Evidence from the health and retirement study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2025Article
- Introducing social determinants of health to the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center network: Development and implementation in the Uniform Data Set.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Psychological Resilience and Cognitive Functioning in Black and White Men and Women.The Gerontologist · 2025Article
- Racial discrimination predicts subjective cognitive decline: Perceived relationship support buffers the association.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Cerebral arteriolosclerosis, lacunar infarcts, and cognition in older Black adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Discrimination and Cognition in Midlife Black Women: The Roles of Social Support and Spirituality.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Self-Reported Chronic Stress Is Unique Across Lifetime Periods: A Test of Competing Structural Equation Models.The Gerontologist · 2024Article
- Embracing heterogeneity: Implications for research on stigma, discrimination, and African Americans' health.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Complex effects of racism and discrimination on African Americans' health and well-being: Navigating the status quo.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
- Attribution for everyday discrimination typologies and mortality risk among older black adults: Evidence from the health and retirement study?Social science & medicine (1982) · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
rationaleExperiences of discrimination have been associated with poorer episodic memory in Black Americans. However, resilience resources at multiple levels (individual, social, and endowed) may act as a buffer to protect future memory decline, especially in the face of discrimination.
objectiveUsing longitudinal data from the 2006-2016 Health and Retirement Study (N = 1862), we tested whether Black Americans aged 50 and older would show different trajectories of episodic memory depending on their reported experiences of discrimination (everyday and major lifetime) and resilience resources.
methodsAnalyses were conducted in three steps: (1) joint latent cluster mixed modeling (JLCMM) to estimate the number of classes, (2) barycentric discriminant analyses (BADA) to model the combined influence of discrimination and resilience resources between each memory class, and (3) multinomial regression analyses to explore interactions between discrimination and resilience resources.
resultsJLCMM resulted in three memory classes that differentiated baseline from longitudinal memory performance: "High Decliners," "Low Decliners," and "Low Stable." Two independent patterns described the relationships between the three classes in the context of discrimination and resilience resources. First, compared with High Decliners, the two lower baseline memory classes (Low Decliners and Low Stable) reported more everyday discrimination and lower individual and endowed resilience resources. Second, although the Low Stable class did not report different levels of discrimination, they had more social resilience resources (greater social support and more social contact) than both declining classes.
conclusionsBlack Americans in later life have heterogeneous patterns of memory trajectories as demonstrated by the three memory classes identified. Those with lower baseline memory experienced more everyday discrimination and had fewer resilience resources compared to those with high baseline performance (High Decliners). Greater social resilience resources were associated with maintained episodic memory over time in Black Americans.
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