ArticleEpidemiology and psychiatric sciences2022
Global, regional and national burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.
Article in Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Does Omega-3 Help After All in Autism Spectrum Disorder? An Update Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Screen Time and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Risk, Usage, and Addiction.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Pooled it
- Perturbations in gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Meta-analysis of 46,000 germline de novo mutations linked to human inherited disease.Human genomics · 2024Pooled it
- Estimated Therapy Costs and Downstream Cost Consequences of iBASIS-Video Interaction to Promote Positive Parenting Intervention vs Usual Care Among Children Displaying Early Behavioral Signs of Autism in Australia.JAMA network open · 2023Trial
- Burden and risk factors of autism spectrum disorder: global study and analysis.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Analysis of the global burden, biological risk factors, and implications of autism spectrum disorder.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the Psy-Flex Among Parents of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the global burden of autism spectrum disorders: An analysis based on GBD 2021 data.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2026Article
- Spectrum of Congenital Heart Diseases in Iraqi Patients.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2026Article
- [Analysis and Projection of the Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases Attributable to Smoking in China, 1990-2021].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2026Article
- Sports and physical activity interventions in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Global burden and trends of smoking-related low back pain in women of childbearing age and projections to 2032: A secondary dataset analysis of Global Burden of Disease 2021.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2026Article
- Autism spectrum disorder burden across 798 locations, 1990-2023: frontier and inequality mapping in the context of child injury prevention and safety promotion.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: Results from a Prospective Open-Label Controlled Observational Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Observational
- Global, Regional, and National Burden of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Trends and Decomposition Analysis From 1990 to 2021, and Projections for 2045.Actas espanolas de psiquiatria · 2025Article
- Closed-loop pathways associated with clinical symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder: a complex network analysis.Quantitative imaging in medicine and surgery · 2025Article
- Mapping autism in Egypt: population-based insights into prevalence, risk determinants, and severity among children aged 1-12 years.Molecular autism · 2025Article
- Family Intensive Behavioral Intervention for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Half-Year Comparison-Controlled Study.Alpha psychiatry · 2025Article
- Age-period-cohort analysis of autism spectrum disorders-related prevalence and DALYs: based on the Global Burden Of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aimsAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, with symptoms appearing in the early developmental period. Little is known about its current burden at the global, regional and national levels. This systematic analysis aims to summarise the latest magnitudes and temporal trends of ASD burden, which is essential to facilitate more detailed development of prevention and intervention strategies.
methodsThe data on ASD incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019 came from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The average annual percentage change was calculated to quantify the secular trends in age-standardised rates (ASRs) of ASD burden by region, sex and age.
resultsIn 2019, there were an estimated 60.38 × 104 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 50.17-72.01] incident cases of ASD, 283.25 × 105 (95% UI 235.01-338.11) prevalent cases and 43.07 × 105 (95% UI 28.22-62.32) DALYs globally. The ASR of incidence slightly increased by around 0.06% annually over the past three decades, while the ASRs of prevalence and DALYs both remained stable over the past three decades. In 2019, the highest burden of ASD was observed in high-income regions, especially in high-income North America, high-income Asia Pacific and Western Europe, where a significant growth in ASRs was also observed. The ASR of ASD burden in males was around three times that of females, but the gender difference was shrunk with the pronounced increase among females. Of note, among the population aged over 65 years, the burden of ASD presented increasing trends globally.
conclusionsThe global burden of ASD continues to increase and remains a major mental health concern. These substantial heterogeneities in ASD burden worldwide highlight the need for making suitable mental-related policies and providing special social and health services.
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