ArticleInternational journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie2022
Changing associations between socioeconomic status and self-reported discrimination from the 1990s to the 2010s in the United States.
Article in International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Classism, Perceived Stress, and Mental Health Symptoms: Cross-Sectional Evidence from a Census-Matched U.S. Sample.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Understanding stigma consciousness: A multilevel analysis across diverse stigmatized groups.The British journal of social psychology · 2026Article
- Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Depression Among Chinese College Students: A Mediated Moderation Model of "Shift-and-Persist" Strategy and Perceived Everyday Discrimination.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- How does family economic background shape adolescents' present- and future-oriented well-being? Roles of perceived discrimination and grit.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Associations Among Lifetime Discrimination Typologies and Psychological Health in Black and Hispanic Women After Birth.Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing : JOGNN · 2025Article
- Subjective social status and socio-demographic correlates of perceived discrimination among older adults in India.BMC geriatrics · 2024Article
- Experience of Discrimination and Oral Health Self-Perception: A Cross-Sectional Study among Brazilian Adults.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Do Sleep Problems Exacerbate the Mental Health Consequences of Discrimination Among Adults?Psychosomatic medicine · 2024Article
- Financial-related discrimination and socioeconomic inequalities in psychological well-being related measures: a longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Social class stigma and poorer health behaviors: Evidence from the eating in America study.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Article
- Social class discrimination during adolescence as a mediator of socioeconomic disparities in actigraphy-assessed and self-reported sleep.Sleep medicine · 2023Article
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Abstract
We examined whether prevalence of social class discrimination-and its association with psychological distress-has changed between 1990s and 2010s in the United States. Data were from the original Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study with data collections in 1995-1996 (n = 2931) and 2004-2005 (n = 1708), and the new MIDUS Refresher sample from 2011 to 2014 (n = 2543). Socioeconomic status (SES) became more strongly associated with self-rated discrimination over time, with individuals with the lowest SES experiencing more discrimination (B = 0.75, p < .001) and those with the highest SES less discrimination (B = 0.36, p < .001) over time: at baseline, the difference in self-rated discrimination between the highest and lowest SES groups was 15.3% versus 10.8% (4.7% point difference). This difference increased to 20.0% versus 7.4% in the last study wave (12.6% point difference). Association between self-reported discrimination and psychological distress strengthened over time, but the associations between socioeconomic indicators and distress did not change. The results suggest that people with low SES had higher risk of encountering unfair and disrespectful treatment in the 2010s compared to the 1990s.
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