ArticleJournal of inflammation research2022
The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 in Microglial Polarization in the Process of Neuropathic Pain.
Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Ythdf2 loss in microglia aggravates ischemic retinopathy by increasing microglia activation and microvascular anomalies.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- CRP Deficiency Rescues Periodontitis-Induced Hippocampal Neurogenesis Impairment by Suppressing OPC-Derived BMP4 Signaling in Rats.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Oligodendrocyte precursor cells-microglia crosstalk via BMP4 drives microglial neuroprotective response and mitigates Alzheimer's disease.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Loss of Endothelial YAP/TAZ Reduces the Size of Chronic Stroke Lesions and Alters the Endothelial Environment.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Article
- Noggin alleviates neuropathic pain by regulating microglial polarization and remodeling iron homeostasis via a STAT3-dependent pathway.Zhong nan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Central South University. Medical sciences · 2025Article
- CCL7 promotes macrophage polarization and synovitis to exacerbate rheumatoid arthritis.iScience · 2025Article
- Electroacupuncture alleviates pain by activating the MD2/TLR4/NF-κB pathway in the ST36 acupoint.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- BMP10 accelerated spinal astrocytic activation in neuropathic pain via ALK2/smad1/5/8 signaling.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Infiltrating circulating monocytes provide an important source of BMP4 at the early stage of spinal cord injury.Disease models & mechanisms · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Neuropathic pain (NP) is known to be highly correlated with microglial polarization, of which the regulatory mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, the aim of this study is to further investigate the relationship between bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and microglial polarization in the process of NP. Methods: Firstly, normal adult rats received intrathecal BMP4 administration to assess BMP4's effect on microglial polarization. Secondly, a BMP4 antagonist - Noggin - was applied to a rat NP model achieved by L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) to investigate whether antagonizing BMP4 signaling could alleviate allodynia by reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. In both experiments, Von-Frey filaments were used to test the changes in the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), and Western blotting, immuno-fluorescence, PCR and flow cytometry were further performed to investigate microglial activity and the expression patterns of M1 and M2 markers, respectively. Results: Firstly, BMP4 administration induced a significant PWT decrease and microglial activation in normal rats; Western blotting, PCR and flow cytometry further revealed that M1 markers including CD16, MHCII, and TNF-α showed a marked elevation after BMP4 application; while M2 markers, such as Arg-1, CD204 and IL-4, peaked at an early stage (P1 or P4) and then fell to the Sham level on P7, leading to a persistent imbalance of the M1/M2 ratio throughout the 1st week. Secondly, Noggin treatment significantly relieved allodynia and microglial activation in SNL rats. Moreover, Noggin persistently downregulated the M1 marker levels and simultaneously induced a late-stage elevation of M2 markers expressions, thereby reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio. Conclusion: Our results indicate that BMP4 has the ability to induce microglial polarization. Antagonizing BMP4 signaling can relieve pain behavior via mitigating microglial activation and reversing the imbalance of the M1/M2 polarization ratio in the process of NP.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.