Evidence map›Paper›PMID 35533541›Full record

ArticleStudies in history and philosophy of science2022

Three legs of the missing heritability problem.

Lucas J Matthews, Eric Turkheimer

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Studies in history and philosophy of science, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
29citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

29 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Big data and psychiatry: advances, constraints and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026
    Article
  3. Which RJournal of human genetics · 2026
    Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Personality Genomics.Annual review of psychology · 2026
    Review
  8. Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Genomics and psychiatric nosology: avoiding hype, maintaining hope.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2025
    Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. The Geneticization of Education and Its Bioethical Implications.Cambridge quarterly of healthcare ethics : CQ : the international journal of healthcare ethics committees · 2024
    Article
  19. How to Diagnose Abhorrent Science.The Hastings Center report · 2024
    Article
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors.

Lucas J MatthewsColumbia University, The Hastings Center, USA. Electronic address: ljm2189@cumc.columbia.edu.
Eric TurkheimerUniversity of Virginia, USA.

Funding

Center for Research on Ethical, Legal & Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic & Behavioral GeneticsRM1HG007257 · NHGRI · COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI APPELBAUM, PAUL STUART · 2018 to 2021
$4.4M
The Geneticization of Education: ethical, social, and policy implications of polygenic scores for educational attainmentK01HG011683 · NHGRI · NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE DBA RESEARCH FOUNDATION FOR MENTAL HYGIENE, INC · PI MATTHEWS, LUCAS JOHN · 2021 to 2025
$921k
NHGRI NIH HHS K01 HG011683NHGRI NIH HHS RM1 HG007257
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The so-called 'missing heritability problem' is often characterized by behavior geneticists as a numerical discrepancy between alternative kinds of heritability. For example, while 'traditional heritability' derived from twin and family studies indicates that approximately ∼50% of variation in intelligence is attributable to genetics, 'SNP heritability' derived from genome-wide association studies indicates that only ∼10% of variation in intelligence is attributable to genetics. This 40% gap in variance accounted for by alternative kinds of heritability is frequently referred to as what's "missing." Philosophers have picked up on this reading, suggesting that "dissolving" the missing heritability problem is merely a matter of closing the numerical gap between traditional and molecular kinds of heritability. We argue that this framing of the problem undervalues the severity of the many challenges to scientific understanding of the "heritability" of human behavior. On our view, resolving the numerical discrepancies between alternative kinds of heritability will do little to advance scientific explanation and understanding of behavior genetics. Thus, we propose a new conceptual framework of the missing heritability problem that comprises three independent methodological and explanatory challenges: the numerical gap, the prediction gap, and the mechanism gap.

Indexed as

BehaviorBehavioral MedicineGenetics, BehavioralInheritance PatternsGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansTwinsBehavior geneticsExplanationGenomicsHeritabilityMechanismPrediction

Identifiers

PMID35533541
PMCPMC9172633

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.